Enlightenment and Constitution

Enlightenment and the Constitution The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-government. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises such as those of Locke and Rousseau. Liberty is a principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, as long as their actions don’t infringe on the rights and freedoms of others. Equality is a notion that all individuals are equal and entitled to equal treatment under the law.Self-government is the principle that the people are the ultimate source and proper beneficiary of governing authority. These principles were the foundation for the United States set forth and written by our founding fathers, but taken from rulers and minds of Europeans during the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem (Hunt, Lynn, Martin & Rosenwein, page 545).During this period the rulers, writers, and thinkers gave the back bone to the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Although before we get to this period and how it shaped the United States we will have to go back a little further to 1651. In 1651 an English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had his work Leviathan published. Hobbes argued that government rests on a social contract in which the people give up certain freedoms they would have in a state of nature in return for the protection that a sovereign ruler can provide.Almost a half of a century later, an English philosopher, John Locke, used Hobbes concept of social contract in his Second Treatise on Civil Government. Locke claimed that all individuals have certain inalienable rights, including those of life, liberty, and property. When people form a government for securing their safety, they retain these individual righ ts. However Locke saw the social contract a bit differently.The agreement to submit to governing authority is based on the premise that government will protect these rights, if the government fails to the people can overthrow the government and form a new one( Patterson,page 14-15, 30). Thomas Jefferson declared that Locke â€Å"was one of the three greatest men that ever lived. † Jefferson paraphrased Locke’s ideas in passages of the Declaration of Independence. Including those that, â€Å"all men are created equal,† that government derive â€Å"their just powers from the consent of the government,† and that â€Å"it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a tyrannical government. The Declaration was a call of revolution rather than a framework for government. However the ideas contained in the document: liverty, equality, individual rights, self-government became the basis for the Constitution of the United States (Patterson, page 30). In Voltai re’s, Treatise on Toleration and Jean Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract we find more Enlightenment thinkers ideas framed in the Constitution. The ideas the Constitution receives from these works are the basis for Amendment I, freedom of religion.Voltaire states in A Treatise on Tolertion,† Religion was instituted to make us happy in this life and in the other. † â€Å"Christians should tolerate each other. † â€Å"I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as brothers, are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? † Voltaire is setting the basis for freedom of religion, saying that the people must show Universal Tolerance for all. Rousseau takes it even further in The Social Contract.He states, â€Å"it is of importance to the State that each citizen should have a religion requiring his devotion to duty, however the dogmas of that religion are of no interest to the State. † Rousseau sets forth the idea that the government shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, as stated by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Finally Cesare Beccarria and Empress Catherine the Great both have an idea that resides in the Constitution. That idea is that all men are innocent until proven guilty.In Beccarria’s Crime and Punishment he states, â€Å"No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty: nor can society take from him the public protection until it have been proven that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. Empress Catherine states in her Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia, â€Å"No man ought to be looked upon as guilty, before he has received his judicial sentence; nor can the Laws deprive him of their protection when it is yet dubious, whether he is Innocent or Guilty?. The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-governme nt. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises from the Enlightenment Period. Men and women from Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccarria, and Empress Catherine the Great have given ideas that our founding fathers saw and deemed worthy to be put in the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson himself based many ideas in the Declaration of Independence from concepts written by John Locke that became the basis for the Constitution of the United States.Where would the United States be without these enlightened minds from Europe? Works Cited Beccarria, Cesare, Crime and Punishment Catherine the Great, Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin and Barbara H. Rosenwein; The Making of the West Bedford/St. Matin’s, Boston, New York, 2009 Locke, John, Second Treatise Patterson, Thomas E. , The American Democracy, Mc Graw Hill, New York, NY, 2009 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Social Contract Voltaire, T reatise on Toleration Europe?

Personal Narrative Example Essay

You can call it following in footsteps or walking the same path, but I don’t see it like that. My grandmother calls her daughter, mother calls her sister, and I call her Aunty. She has always been my figure to look up to. She has inspired me to be the person who I truly want to be. My Aunt Marie is a strong, beautiful, and successful woman who, in spite of her work, has always been there for me when it counts in my life. I want to not only follow in her line of work, but I want to have her strength, love, and poise during everything. She is my hero, my guiding light, a woman who has taught me to stay true to myself and become the person I want to be. A conversation, one I fondly remember happened during an evening out to dinner. We had gone to this big burger place; it was one of my brother’s favorite places to eat out. It was just my middle brother, Christopher, me, and my aunt. Of course my brother ordered the biggest burger on the menu, his reasoning, â€Å"A manly man needs a manly burger.† We ladies, on the other hand, ordered a salad. Our topic for discussion was what we planned to do for our future. In my family I have always been the black sheep when it came to what my future entitled. Both of my brothers already knew what their plans were; Stephen is going into electronics and Christopher is becoming a machinist. I, on the other hand, had no clue what I wanted. Sure I had a general idea; something in the medical field, psychologist or something in law. So not very narrow, but at least an idea. At this time I hated this line of discussion. My brothers could say something, but I had nothing. I feel now this was the case since I wanted to make sure the career I chose would be one I enjoyed to work in. Without knowing from this night my aunt would teach me a valuable lesson. This was the first night I told her I was contemplating joining the Army. Out of all people, I suppose it was she I expected the acceptance from. My Aunt joined the Army at just 17 years old and became an MP. My Aunt explained to me how the military is a whole different ball field today than it was when she joined. Do not get me wrong, it is not like she put me down hard and gave me a, â€Å"what the hell would you do that for† response. I was given the best response instead. She proceeded to tell me how the military needs to be a choice I made for myself; that it was a choice I truly needed to be sure about. She also told me if this turned out to be something I wanted to do and it had to be for myself, that she would have some of her agents who work for her talk to me. Each would be from a different branch of the military, and they would explain each one to me so when I chose I would know fully what I was getting into. She wants to make sure my head is on straight before I sign any papers. It makes sense; once papers are signed you are committed for the duration of enlistment. I just hope she knows that I am not doing it because I think she wants me to, but rather I feel it will benefit me for my career choice. As I write this now, it has been four years since this conversation and I have had plenty of time now to think of my future. I can say though that it has not been until the past four months that I have actually figured out what I want to do with my life. I want to do something in Law enforcement; a career, that at the end of, I had made some sort of difference in another personâ⠂¬â„¢s life. That was the main thing for me when I was thinking of my future; I knew whatever I chose to do I wanted it to make a difference. I believe my choice in law enforcement certainly comes from her. I have always had an interest because of being surrounded by it all my life. When we were little I went to work with her and with my brother, Christopher; she showed us all the gadgets her agents used and I was intrigued. As I remember this dinner, I remember her explaining to me how my life is mine; I cannot mimic someone else’s. She told me I needed to explore my options and figure out what I truly want; take in consideration not only the job, but the life it would give to you. I remember her also saying, â€Å"It is not all about the money, sure you should be financially sound, but life is not all about having a lot of money.† These are words to live by in my point of view. So many people today are caught up in the aspect of making so much money they forget what they truly hav e. I want to live my life and be grateful for the little things while still making sure I can financially support myself so I am at least comfortable. I want a life to be proud of. The first step to this, I believe, is college. As a senior now, this has been the fous of our year. I have been so grateful for recently being accepted into my number one, top choice, college. The University of New Haven, on November 18th, 2012 the college sent me its congratulations on being accepted into the college for the fall 2013 semester. I want to go here for the Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic science. I hope to major in Law Enforcement with a minor in Psychology or Sociology. My Aunt gave me the encouragement to push myself through high school so I can have the future I want. She showed me how anyone can become what she wants if they truly want it. She came from a farm house out in the boonies, into the Army at 17, and now is a renowned member at the DEA office in Washington D.C. She travels the world for her job. Her future is set; she has a 35 year pension from the military, a 401 K in place from her current job that will keep her financially sound way beyond retirement. I want this for myself, a job that will benefit me not only in the moment, but in the long run. She has taught me how when you are my age you cannot think of only right now, you have to think of your future, especially with you career and what it can provide for you in the long run. My aunt has been my role model to look up to for as long as I can remember. She has been the person who I inspire to be. She is a constant beautiful light that has always reminded me to do the right thing. On the night of that conversation I remember thinking, â€Å"Missy don’t you forget tonight, don’t you forget what she is telling you.† I will forever remember this night. Reason, it was the night she taught me the most important lesson ever; to stay true to yourself and create the life you want to live. From the man whose put them in his own words, Dr. Seuss, â€Å"Today you are you, that is truer than true. There is no one alive who is Youer than you.†

Impacts of College Freshmen Dropout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Impacts of College Freshmen Dropout - Essay Example Graduation rates have become an important feature in the landscape of college reforms and within the larger world of educational policy. For decades, getting more students into college has been the top priority of America's higher education leaders. But Studies conducted over the past several years have repeatedly demonstrated that far fewer American students are completing high school with diplomas. A growing consensus has emerged that only about seven in 10 students are actually successfully finishing high school. Graduation rates are even lower among certain student populations, particularly racial and ethnic minorities and males. 57 percent of White students finish their degree, compared with 44 percent of Hispanics and 39 percent of Blacks (federal figures 2008). A quarter of schools have graduation gaps between Whites and Blacks of 20 points or more. (Education Trust 2004) In the first half of the 20th century, growth in high school graduation was the driving force behind increased college enrolments. The decline in high school graduation since 1970 (for cohorts born after 1950) has flattened college attendance and completion rates as well as growth in the skill level of the U.S. workforce. The origins of this dropout problem have yet to be fully investigated. The main purpose of this study is to conduct a research and understand what people think are the impacts of college freshmen dropouts on our educational system, on our economy and on our society. This report takes a descriptive approach to the issue of college completion, specifically, examining graduation rates in the U.S, the increase in college dropout rates and its reasons. The graduation rates are considerably lower in the nation's largest cities than they are in the average urban locale. Further, extreme disparities emerge in a number of the country's largest metropolitan areas. The increases in college dropout rates are very atrocious for us as a nation. Background In the '60s we saw college dropout rates of one in five. In the '90s this increased to one in three. Thirty percent of the college students leave in the first year (Department of Education 2000-2006). The number of college freshman dropouts is typically cited between 1 in 4 and 1 in 5, with some sources positing arguments that nearly half of all college students fail to graduate. The U.S only earns 17 degrees for every 100 students enrolled, which places it 16th internationally. Surveys of high school students show no lack of interest for a college degree, in fact 95% of high school students when asked about college indicated a very strong desire to complete a degree program. On the average, 1 in 4 students drop out of college their freshman year. The exact number varies widely from 1 or 2 percent at top 4 year private institutions to 50 or 60 percent at others. 2 year institutions have the worst drop out rates. For a few, it is a mismatch (the wrong location, too much snow, difficul t roommates, difficulty being away from home, culture clash, or change in career goals). For many others, it is a lack of preparation. Nearly half of entering college freshmen surveyed lack confidence in their math and science skills. 33% say they have

Assess the importance of the African American population in US Essay

Assess the importance of the African American population in US politics - Essay Example xi). Historically, the African-Americans have been the largest identifiable minority group in the United States. The earliest writers of African-American ancient history were black men, who wanted to elaborate the achievements, and contributions of the people of African descent, in the United States.By the end of the nineteen century, the African-American historians were not trained in historical methods, instead they were educated than their predecessors (Hornsby, 2011). Nevertheless, the African American historians were better educated than the previous historians. Some of the notable African historians were like W.E.D Du Bois, whose writing was a breakthrough for the African American historian, Carter G. Woodson. During the nineteen century, many African-Americans got access to higher education and were able to travel. It was at this time that they were taken seriously because the wealthy elites in the United States believed in them. African-Americans shaped their own Africa, this process was during the nineteen century and the twentieth century, as the knowledge of African past increased (Painter, 2006). The African-Americans were denied the opportunity to education and personal advancements, until early 1950 and 1960`s. It was at this time that the National Urban League and the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, began to fight for the rights of the black, and had an effect on the black civil rights (Cliff notes, 2012). The only way to see a clear picture on the role, purpose, and the potential power of the African-Americans in the American politics system was in a vital outline of the structure, and the system that influenced and shaped the democracy of America. Democracy was referred to as a system of government, where the people elected men and women to serve their interests in the political, economic, and socio-cultural interests (King, 2010). In the United States the rule of the people or by the people is exercised after every four years. In the American democracy, the participation of the African-Americans in the political system has been obstructed by several reasons. Firstly, the African-Americans have succumbed to persistence of institutional disadvantage, such as refusal of certain states to acknowledge their rights as stated in the United States constitution that were established through the Supreme Court ruling, and implemented by the executive and the legislature branches of Government (King, 2010). Secondly, the African American involvement and incorporation has been limited by manmade fear and intimidation tactics. This was well known as the period of the Black Code and Jim Crowism, and some of these intimidations methods were like hanging of nooses and cross burning, which were the well-known instruments to keep black people oppressed and in fear (King, 2010). There were historical legal and extra legal tactics used to intimidate the African-Americans political involvement, some people stated that the African-Americans operated under a facade of democracy in America. Facade â€Å"represents a superficial and symbolic presentation of equality which distributes markedly different democratic tenets such a liberty, freedom, and justice† (King, 2010, p.12). In American democracy, this is referred to as a facade because it not only limits particular groups, it also interferes with the main purpose of government, all which are established for justice, to insure domestic tranquility,

The impacts of events Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The impacts of events - Assignment Example Tourists’ focus then started to shift with the advancements in the event industry. As event planners came into the picture they realized that the tourism industry needed social events which lead to the event tourism industry (Lim & Lee, 2006). People usually travel to destinations for leisure and relaxation purposes but there are also people who travel to destinations for the purpose of business meetings, conferences, workshops and other similar social events. This movement of people has given rise to the event tourism industry (WTO, 1995). Events and tourism now go hand in hand, and so one without another seems incomplete. The perfect way to describe tourism would be to say that it takes a systematic planning process along with development and marketing of special events and festivals as tourist attractions (Kreag, 2001). These events are usually organized after looking at the behavior of tourists and the things which attract them towards a destination. Moreover, tourism mana gement aims at event tourism at complete utilization of the capabilities of events so as to attain overall tourism development. Event tourism also includes the research on people’s travelling motives which can be characterized as cultural, prestigious, physical, social and interpersonal motives and are pleased by diverse and unusual events. The Worlds Expo 2010, organized in Shanghai, China, was a similar event which was organized to seek attention of the world and to increase tourism prospects in China. It was a 184 days event which was eyed by the whole World. There are many credits given to the World Expo (2010) and so it was able to positively engage the world to China. China as a country has a history of hosting such events, but the Expo 2010 proved to be the best one indeed and was referred to as an event having its class apart. The standards set by the World Expo 2010 are very difficult to break by any other World Event such as this one. Socio - Cultural impact of the World Expo 2010 A country which has a good image in terms of social events just is more likely to make itself the spot for tourist attraction. The expected impacts of the Worlds Expo 2010 were positively seen on the host country, as through holding social events like these, a host country or the destination is able to make its own standing and create its brand image (Emma H. Wood, 2005). Also, since the country becomes famous for its culture and infrastructure, its resorts also become famous and many companies start holding their annual meetings and other conferences in that country, magnetizing more and more people towards it (Allen, 2009). Similarly, China had many benefits because of the World Expo, as the event was remarkably successful and attracted many countries towards it and the more a country is able to attract tourists, the more it is able to raise its finances through tourism (Solberg & Preuss, 2007). China has now become one of the best host countries, because of the im pression it created in front of the whole world, without the itinerary of such events, tourism is held incomplete (Henderson, 2006). Such events are not only created for revenue generation or for economic benefits but are also created to highlight the social culture of the country. These socio-cultural impacts go a long way to

Importance of Health Care Insurance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Health Care Insurance - Case Study Example Health cover policies require that when a business has a total number going up to 25 full-time employees, they will be mandated to tax credits covering a total of 50% the population of staff insurance premium cost. Health insurance is all-inclusive for children and will cover them until they mature enough without parents incurring extra costs when paying for the cover. By subscribing to insurance wasteful spending is minimized, fraud is regulated and the expansion program for the preventive services is well ensured. The general essence of health insurance covers cut on medical spending while giving individuals an array of choices when seeking for health care services. For the cover to reach millions of people, extra taxes will be paid by mostly the high earners, which may affect an individual or a business. Health covers that come with many options will demand a complicated shopping affair hence confusing. To ensure full cooperation, the insurance policy demands that one pays monthly or else pay a fine for breaching the policy. It leaves nearly half of major nations without cover due to the inability to subscribe to it. Development of other features i.e. the CHIP takes away taxpayers money. Based on a full-time employment and employer mandate to pay insurance cover, many people have been put on shorter work hours in a bid to evade the payment of the cover. Lower paid workers get better benefits when compared to highly paid workers. It is generally accepted that youths are healthy and need no health cover, hence money paid for a youth is considered a waste. The focus of health insurance cover is to ensure that people are covered while it should consider that the cost of Medicare is addressed. Individual and family: It is sometimes termed as a comprehensive cover. The period is more than 12 months while renewable.  

Should school teach sexual education in their curriculm Essay

Should school teach sexual education in their curriculm - Essay Example (Meston & Buss, 2007: 477) Nature has always been kind and benevolent to humans, and is well aware of all their spiritual, mental, physical and sexual needs and desires. Consequently, it has invented the ways to satisfy these desires in an adequate manner. Since man also seeks food for his spiritual needs, religious beliefs provide him the same in order to lead a mentally tranquil and peaceful life. Similarly, religious teachings are not confined to code of worship only; on the contrary, religions also define the methods to lead a respectable, contented and pious life. As a result, almost all existing religions recommend etiquettes to get involved into sexual union for the physical gratification on the one hand, and for the fulfillment of reproduction process on the other. Here the question arises how man should teach the young ones regarding the sexual desires growing in their minds along with the growth of their physique. Hence, there appears the question of providing of sex educat ion at school level in order to keep the teenagers well aware of this very imperative aspect of individual, collective and social life. The debate regarding the inclusion of sex education in the class curriculum has always been in vogue for the last many decades. However, being one of the most controversial issues, no decision has been made by the educationalists and administrators towards this direction as yet. Somehow, growing deviant behaviors, perversion and the creation of subsequent social problems including chemical dependency and single motherhood etc among the adolescents have appeared to be grave challenges for the societies. Eventually, the authorities look under obligation in respect of taking necessary actions towards this direction for the betterment, welfare, safety and protection of the minds and health of this innocent stratum of society. Sex education is one of the most controversial issues in education, which has been hovering over educational institutions since a ges. It is probably the most controversial topic, which will always have a divided opinion. Some people will always agree and some will always disagree. (Quoted in buzzle.com) Somehow, society still looks to be divided on this issue, and the educationalists are at the perplexed state of affairs regarding the introduction of sex education at schools. The people opposing the inclusion of sexual education as the part of curriculum take the plea that detailed description of sexual activities in the classroom will encourage the students to ask several questions about sex from teachers in the presence of the students of same and opposite genders, which will enhance the scale of frankness to the extent of vulgarity in the real sense. Since the hesitation regarding discussing this attractive topic will be removed from the minds of students belonging to lower grades, they will start getting involved into these activities in a practical way because of the removal of hesitation regarding the i ssue. Consequently, teaching the sexual lessons at school level may increase the probability of sexual relations between the school students. Furthermore, the stratum criticizing the providing of sex education argues that since they have also studied at school without getting sex education, it will be quite

The most effective channel structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The most effective channel structure - Essay Example Specification of distribution tasks in order to achieve the set objectives was done using the five task groups namely physical distribution, after sale service, channel support, selling and risk assumption. The next stage involved selecting alternative channel structures using the channel levels, intensity and intermediary levels after which evaluation of the alternatives was done using the weighted factor score approach. This helped to determine the effective channel strategy which was to provide accommodation services so as to reduce costs for tourists hence attract them. This is to differentiate Webjet from the competitors and gain sustainable competitive advantage. An implementation plan was then designed to achieve the results needed. Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Table of Contents 2 List of Tables and Figures 4 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Authorization 5 1.2 Limitation 5 1.3 Scope of Report 5 2. Case Background 6 2.1 Company Background 7 2.2 Channel Design Decision Paradigm 7 3. Major Case Issues 9 4. Situation Analysis 9 4.1 Internal AND EXTERNAL Analysis 9 4.2 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 10 4.3 External Analysis 11 4.4 Setting and Coordinating Distribution Objectives 11 4.5 Distribution Tasks 12 4.5.1 Selling 12 4.5.2 Channel Support 13 4.5.3 Physical Distribution 13 4.5.4 Product modification and after-sales services 14 4.5.5 Risk Assumptions 14 5. Identifying Alternative Channel Structures 14 5.1 Number of Channel Levels 15 5.2 Intensity at Each Level 16 5.3 Types of Intermediaries 16 5.4 Alternative Channel Structure Strategy 16 6. Evaluation of Alternative Channel Structure 17 6.1 Company Variables 17 6.2 Market Variables 18 6.3 Product Variables 19 6.4 Intermediaries Variables 20 6.5 Weighted Factor Score Approach 20 7. Recommended Strategy 21 8. Implementation plan 21 9. Conclusion 22 10. List of References 24 List of Tables and Figures Figure A- Channel Design Paradigm Adapted from (birch, 2006) 9 Figure B - Channel levels in travel agency Adapted FROM ( Holma, 2010) 15 1. Introduction 1.1 Authorization This report has been authorized by Mr. David Clarke to outline the most effective channel structure for Webjet Limited. In the production of the report, the seven steps of the channel decision paradigm will be utilized. 1.2 Limitation Various limitations were noted while conducting research and producing the report. One of the major limitations was not having a clear timeline for completion of the report. This meant the report could be delayed due to lack of urgency and timeline leading to outdated information which has been overtaken by events and also delays in implementation which could lead to severity of the problem. Another limitation was lack of useful and relevant information from the literature and inability to obtain timely communication from Webjet. 1.3 Scope of Report This report examined a number of ways on how to create or modify the channel design of Webjet Limited. This involved looking into the existing channels and determining if they are suitable for the organization and what could be done to improve on them. This was to assist Webjet to recognize the need to make a decision on the channel design. This involved undergoing the seven channel design stages to come up with the right channel for Webjet. Firstly, a brief background was given for the company selected (Webjet) containing company profile, locations, products and company history together with the channel design

Changing Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Changing Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Changing Fashion" discusses how and why fashion and trends change. From the definition of Barnard it is evident that fashion can mean different things to different people. Kawamura propounds a sociological approach to fashion that is based on a system of social institutions that produces and nurtures the concept of fashion as well as the phenomenon or practice of fashion. An institutionalized system comprising a persistent network of beliefs, customs and formal procedures form a distinct social organization with the acknowledged focal purpose of creating or producing fashion. Fashion is dynamic, it keeps changing, it is a target that keeps moving; yet fashion is not just change per se, it has been defined as â€Å"institutionalized, systematic change produced by those who are authorized to implement it.† Again, it has also to be understood that notwithstanding the fact that fashion undergoes a continuous process of change, the institutions, organizations and firms t hat form the basis of fashion can be relatively very stable. Some researchers tend to incorporate this dichotomy into their works by differentiating between style and fashion. Style is defined as â€Å"one of the main components of group identity A style is the external manifestation of certain underlying values and principles †¦ Style is not just musical taste, ways of dress or speech. It should be seen as a combination of all this elements, where the whole is more than the sum of its parts.† Fashion is considered to be the variations.

Folkloristic reflection- occupational Assignment

Folkloristic reflection- occupational - Assignment Example At the same time we also perform cowboy related activities, we make sure that your cattle herd are well taken care of by cleaning where they sleep, provide them with water and we also make sure that they are well fed. Our final responsibility is environmental cleanliness. We clean the environment and also educate the youth on the same. We realized that the current generation youth do not like taking care of the environment, therefore we took upon ourselves to educate them voluntarily (Thomas 220). Our core values and skills are respect, teamwork, good organization skills and the ability to learn. Our group has managed to accomplish a great deal because of these skills. Respect has enabled the community to trust us, at the same time we make sure that all the workers respect one another and team work has made us carry out various tasks in a short period of time. The ability to learn because the kind of work we are doing is dynamic and therefore without the willingness to learn we may not accomplish much. While good organizational skills has been emphasized by our group because we deal with a lot of activities and therefore every worker have to make sure that everything is in place. In the group the various positions are elective posts. We usually hold our elections every three months. The candidates are nominated according to their contribution to the group. Therefore, the chairman must be someone who is very hardworking and focused. Our group is very different from other groups in that whatever we do. We try to give back to the society as we make it certain that most of our activities are aimed at making sure that our society is properly maintained. In addition, we also pride ourselves in the quality of work we deliver. We make sure that all our services are done to the best of our knowledge. This can be seen by the various awards we have won and the numerous events we have been called to give a public

Phonology reading Essay Example for Free

Phonology reading Essay 1. I hereby certify that I am the author of the attached item of coursework and that all materials from reference sources have been properly acknowledged. 2. I understand what plagiarism is and what penalties may be imposed on students found guilty of plagiarism. 3. I certify that this paper contains no plagiarized material. 4. I certify that this is my own work and that I did not receive any unfair assistance from others (including unauthorized collaboration) in its preparation. 5. I certify that this paper has not previously been submitted either in its entirety or in part within the UWI system or to any other educational institution. 6. In the case of group work: a. I certify that the individual work of each member of the group has been clearly indicated; b. that where no such indication has been given, I take the responsibility for the work as if it were the section of the paper for which I am solely responsible; and c. that I have not collaborated with any members of the group to breach the University’s regulations. Signature: M. Thompson Date: February 25, 2013 Children of the 21st century will face many challenges that will require them to use reading in different forms. As we begin the new millennium, research- based approaches to teach reading and writing is being relied upon to drive students towards the ultimate goal. Literacy for all, understanding how children learn, particularly how they learn to read and write influences the instructional approaches taken in homes as well as classrooms. Adams (1990) defines Phonological awareness as an awareness of sounds and the ability to revealed tasks such as rhyming, matching sounds, deleting sounds, blending or segmenting sounds. Because these sounds are spoken words they require testing to manipulate phonological segments. This is required to determine the performance of good readers and poor readers. Depend on the result one can determine which elements of phonological awareness are absent or reliable for both readers. He further articulate that they are five levels of difficulty in phonological awareness these are Awareness of rhyme and alliteration, comparing and contrasting the sounds of words for rhyme and alliteration, blending and splitting syllables, full segmentation of component phonemes and adding deleting and moving phonemes. In addition to these five levels of difficulty is the importance of phonological development. Phonological development is the key to phonological awareness. Proctor and Compton (2004) babies are not born with the full range of adult perceptual abilities, which include the five senses vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. However, these abilities develop greatly within the first year of life. Newborn babies can only process sensory information and their understanding of sight, sound and touch stimuli develop rapidly as they grow. This leads to cognitive development which, in turn lays the foundation for language development. In preschool years, a child develops phonological skills, these skills acquired in a largely unconscious, or implicit fashion that is to say, even though the child may be able to produce certain vowels, consonants and consonant clusters he or she has not explicit awareness of doing so. Phonological awareness is so called because the child becomes explicitly aware of the phonology being taught and has the conscious ability to detect and manipulate phonological units. It is important to note that phonological awareness is a subset of the larger set of skills known as phonological processing. Phonological processing involves receiving sound waves from the ear and then using this date to assemble pronunciation of the word that was spoken. The process of assembling a pronunciation is known as coding. Deficits in phonological processing are responsible for some differences between good and poor readers (Stanorich, 1986 😉 poor readers are slower and less accurate than good readers. Many studies have found that certain levels of phonological awareness are essential to the development of early reading ability such as an awareness of rhyme, the ability to blend sounds, to isolate initial and final consonants and to distinguish phonological elements smaller than Syllables. Other more difficult elements of phonological awareness are developed as a result of learning to read, that is â€Å"the relationship between phonemic awareness and learning to read is most likely one of reciprocal causation or mutual facilitation (Yopp, 1992,) The relationship between phonological awareness and reading acquisition are complex, and there is strong evidence that difficulty with awareness and manipulation of verbal sounds has powerful effects on reading ability. However, the most positive finding stemming from research on phonological awareness is that â€Å"critical levels of phonological awareness can be developed through carefully planned instruction† (Chard Dickson 1999) there is also consistent support that â€Å"phonological awareness facilitates reading and is facilitated by reading instruction. † (Smith,Simmons Kameenui 1995) This finding has important implications for teaching. It implies that students must be taught explicitly about sounds in order to benefit from reading instruction but also that phonological awareness can be highlighten in relation to reading of text. Teaching programs, therefore, need to include activities which focus on the sounds in spoken English in pre-school and in the early years of schooling. Such activities include rhyming activities, breaking speech into individual words, alliteration, blending sounds, segmenting of words into onset rime and then to more demanding tasks such segmenting or deletion of individual. Charles A. Perfetti, Nicole Landi, and Jane Oakhill simple state that reading acquisition is the comprehension of learning to understand writing as well as one understands spoken language has empirical justification. (Curtis, 1980; Sticht James, 1984). also added that learning to read, the correlations between reading and spoken language comprehension are small because at the beginning, children are learning to decode and identify words, so it is these word-reading processes that limit comprehension. He further established that as children move beyond the beginnings of learning to read, the correlations between reading comprehension and spoken language comprehension increase and then level out by high school Famous behaviorist skinner (1974) explained students learn to read by learning a series of discrete skills. He believes that learning is the result of stimulus and response actions direct instructions are given when teaching the requisite skill in a planned, sequential manner. Information is presented in small steps and reinforced through practice until a solid foundation is laid. Jean Piagets (1969) constructivism theoretical framework differs, as learning is described as the modification of students’ cognitive structures schemata as they interact with or adapt to their environment schemata are like mental filing cabinets and new information is organized with prior knowledge in filling system. Piaget also posited that children are active motivated thinkers and learners so instead of teachers and adults dispensing information or knowledge, children are engaged with experiences so that they modify their schemata and construct their own knowledge. The sociolinguistics contributes a cultural dimension to how children learn. They view reading and writing as social activities that reflect the culture and community in which children live. (heath ,1983 ,vygotsky1978,1986)according to Vygotsky, language help to organize thought and children use language to learn as well as to communicate with others. Tremendous amount of new research under the term â€Å"emergent literacy† (teale sulzby 1991) shows us what happens in the homes of children where literacy is a priority. Children borned into homes where someone spends time with them in reading activities walk into the school system with an incredible foundation on which phonological awareness can be built. Parents or adults read to children and talk to them about what is being read. The reading is normally done in the lap position where the child can see pictures as well as the words used to tell about the pictures. Favourite books are read again and again hence creating a stimulating environment for reading acquisition to begin. Parents are the children’s first and best teachers and can therefore do many things to support their children’s development at home. In addition to reading to their children and listening to their children attempting to read to them they are building children’s self esteem and phonological awareness. In some homes the main reading experience is the bible, new papers, nursery rhyme or novels. Families write signs on furniture, make shopping lists or leave written messages for others. As children are able to hear and identify sounds from intra uterine to infancy, gradually they are able to separate syllables and manipulate the sounds in words, expanding their grasp of frequently used words and phrases. Favourite stories are re-read until they become well-known and words are easily pronounced as they talk an appreciation is developed for associating sounds with letters, a basis that is necessary for learning to read. The phonological system is important for both oral and written language as it plays a crucial role in reading instruction during the primary grades. Children use their knowledge of phonics as they learn to read and write. Phonological Development and Phonological Awareness Unit 2, outline that phonological awareness cannot be the only cause of reading acquisition. This is so based on the studies carried out which discover other influence on reading development. Adams 1990 highlighted the importance of alphabetic principle which consists of alphabetic understanding with the knowledge that letters correspond with sounds and words are composed of sounds. Therefore, it is evident that phonological awareness and reading acquisition has some forms of relationship; since both has powerful effects on reading ability. Based on the information gathered the levels of phonological awareness can be developed through carefully planned instruction where students must be taught clearly about sounds in order to benefit from reading instruction and develop phonological ability. The importance of phonological awareness in relation to reading acquisition posits by Juel, 1986) a longitudinal study of children in first and second grade. The study is quiet evident that children who perform low in phonemic awareness in first grade remained the low performances in reading through fourth grade remain the low performers in reading through fourth grade. With this in mind when working with children it must be clear that phonemic awareness is a perquisite for learning to read Cunningham, 1999, as they become phonemically aware, children recognize that speech can be segmented into smaller units, this knowledge is very useful as they learn about sound-symbol correspondence and spelling patterns. Phonological development  and phonological awareness unit 2 posits that phonemic awareness is critical to the reading process because reading involves the translation of graphemes into phonemes if one does not mastered all the phonemes in language, then they are not in a position to translate graphemes into phonemes, students’ who have not mastered phonemic awareness experience reading difficulty. So with this is mind one relevant key principle of effective phonological awareness instruction is nursery rhymes. Rhymes are the correspondence of ending sounds or words or lines of verse. Rhyming is the ability to indentify words that have identical final sounds segments Bryan and Bradley (1985)report that scores of initial rhyming test predicted reading and spelling progress and years later researcher suggest rhyme facilitates reading and spelling in the following ways: rhyming helps students develop phonemic awareness, which facilitates decoding, rhyming teaches students to group words together by sound, thereby reducing the number of words they have to learn to read by making generalizations of larger sound units, rhyming teaches students to make connections between categories and the letter string patterns that are used to spell words. I would read stories that have rhyming words, draw to the students attention the word that rhyme, help students to identify the patterns made by a rhyme, recite rhymes, sing the rhymes, clap to the rhymes even act out the rhymes. Sing and use students’ names to complete the rhyme example wallaby Wallaby, Wusan an elephant sat on Suzan wallaby Wallaby Wark an elephant sat on Mark as students catch on to the rhyming pattern, they can generate the rhyme using other names. For example in these four activities the teacher read aloud a story that contains many words that rhyme for example a fat rat in hat. After reading the story the students will chant the rhyming words heard in the story. The next activity the teacher introduce the rhyme ‘at’ then students follow the rhyming pattern bat, cat, fat, hat, mat pat, rat and sat. Students will clap and sing as they say each rhyming word. For activity two students will stand in a line the first person will say a rhyme which relates to ‘at’ if it is correct, the child gets the chance to shoot a ball in the provided hoop. If it is incorrect, teacher and students will assist and that child goes to the back of the line. The last activity students will be provided with a print activity sheet in which they will fill in the missing letter based on what was learned in activities one and two above. These activities will be modeled daily until students fully grasped the concepts. Modeling is the process of demonstrating for someone something he or she does not know Bandura,(1986). when students see teachers or parents at home reading or writing a letter modeling is taking place, so that’s why modeling can be a very constructive way that students can be taught reading. Modeling can be implicit or explicit (Roehler duffy , 1991). According to Deanna mascle rhyme is important to emergent literacy and learning to read because it teaches children about language. Rhyming helps children about word families such as let, met, pet, and get. Rhyming also teaches children the sound of language. Other important skills include phonological awareness, the ability to notice and work with sounds in language. Rhyme help with phonemic awareness which is the smallest units of sound that make up words. The awareness leads to reading and writing success. Rhyme also teaches children who are learning to read about the patterns and structures of both spoken and written language. Rhymes expose children to the rhythm of the language this will help them read with intonation in their voice instead of first a monotone. Rhymes also prepare children to make predictions while learning words and give them crucial decoding skills. When students are faced with reading challenges as that one referred to in the study by Juel et al( 1986) that children from first grade through fourth are low performing children in phonemic awareness rhyme, can help make the task both easier and more fun, teach important language skills, and teach language pattern and structure. These benefits given above are of vital importance in giving your child a positive start to reading. References. http://www. pitt. edu/~perfetti/PDF/The%20Acquisition%20of%20Reading%20Comprehension%20Skill http://linguistics. huji. ac. il/IATL/27/Abstracts/Gafni. pdf http://Ezine article. com/? expert=Deanna_mascle. Literacy for the 21st century A Balanced Approach 4th edition by Gail E. Tompkins Literacy helping children construct meaning 5th edition by J. David Cooper with Nancy D. Kiger Phonics They Use words for reading and writing by Patricia m. Cunningham Unit 2 EDLS6501 Module 2 Phonological Developments and Phonological Awareness.

Comparative Analysis Of Inductivism And Falsificationism Environmental Sciences Essay

Comparative Analysis Of Inductivism And Falsificationism Environmental Sciences Essay There are two major concepts that tell us about the progress of science. Both have different views that how the science has progressed and is progressing. In this essay the introduction, detail comparison and advantages of one philosophy on the other is discussed. Falsifiability is a major concept. To prove any postulate as falsifiable, there should be any observation or there should be any experiment that disagrees with the postulate. For example, there is a common thinking of all that all crows are black. To violate this thinking we will have to show any crow that is not black and is of any other color. So, by showing the any example against the existing postulate that is proved by observation or experiment, the existing postulate can be rejected and this helps to progress in science. The school of thought that terms the falsifiability as a philosophical rule is known as Falsificationism. The approach of inductivism towards the science is that the progress of science is based on the empirical observations which are expressed in the form of theories. Moreover, the observations made should be large and should be repeated under the different conditions and any of the observation should not conflict with the results. Following these criteria, the final results are considered as true and are included in the science but there is a problem with this procedure because in some cases the number of observations can be made to a large number. For example, we cannot put our hand for the many time to conclude that fire burns. Due to the requirement of large number of observations and change of conditions, the process of inductivism contributes very slowly in the progress of science. Inductivist methodology assumes that the series of true statements yield a general universal statement. For example, if we say that this bull has four legs and then we say that bull has four legs and so on and concluding from this if we make a general and universal statement that all bull has four legs. But this universal statement can be falsified by showing a bull that is having less than four legs. Some scientists believe that science is developed by using the inductive approach. Falsificationists believe that science progresses by confronting with the problems and making the making the hypothesis or solution to the problem. If the proposed solution of the problem is correct one then it does not mean that theory itself is true but we can say it an improvement to the existing theory. We cannot say that the new theory is true but it is a improvement in the existing theories. Whenever a theory or hypothesis is falsified by observation or experiment and a new theory is proposed that replaces the existing one. Thus, falsification helps to make progress in science by violating the existing theories. It is very common and known to all that eyes are used to see the world. But if we consider this observation into our account then how bats are able see at night while they are having very small eyes. This was the little problem and for the search of the appropriate solution, bats were monitored in the close room that was full of obstacles while their eyes were covered by some way. But bats still flied well. The hypothesis that bats see with their eyes is rejected after the experiment and a new question rose how bats are flying in such environment. In response to this problem, the hypothesis proposed was that bats can use their ear to fly safely. For the verification of this proposed hypothesis, bats are again allowed to fly in the room which was full of obstacles. Again bats uses to fly perfectly. Hence again, the hypothesis that bats fly well by use of their ears was rejected and question was to search that how bats can fly and it was concluded finally that bats are sensing the echo es that are reflecting back after colliding with the obstacles. Based on the echoes, decisions are made to fly well. Hence the falsification of the problem and search for the new hypothesis is devoting in the progress of science. On the other hand the inductivistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach is different than that of falsificationists. Inductivists believe that scientific knowledge is derived from given facts. They are giving a factual foundation to science. They also claim that there should be logical relationship between the theory and the observation statement that is confirming the theory and ignores the historical foundations. This result in an attitude of constantly seeking for the observations that confirms a theory more and more while in turn contributes less and less in the progress of science. Comparison of Falsificationiam and Inductivism Attribute Falsificationism Inductivism Facts and Results Recognizes that facts as well as theories are fallible. Uses Facts and results to give Science a factual and unproblematic Foundation. Seeks Only Constant Improvement in Science. For truths. Factual Basis Not a big problem Big problem Settle For progress For truth Advantages of falsificationism over inductivism : Indutivists believe that science is unproblematic but as we can see many cases where some facts after their experimental results are proved to be fallible. These facts are theory dependent. This approach where facts and theories are fallible is recognized by the falsificationists. The inductivist has to give the explanation of truth which can be a severe problem. On the other hand falsificationist works only for the constant improvement which is easy to do and does not create problem. There were no specific criteria for industivist that facts support the theories, so they had difficulty to explain such kind of circumstances. The falsificationists handle such kind of situation by conducting severe test which lead to support theories. The repetition of such test helps better to the falsificationist to support the theory which is not possible in the empirical approach where facts do not support the theory. If the experiment is carried out properly and the theory is proved to be right even after the successful performance of test, so the repetition of same experiment is not considered to be much severe. Falsificationist tests the unobservable knowledge and explores their novel consequences whereas the inductivist fails to explain that observable knowledge can ever be derived. On the whole, we can say that falsificationism has advantages over inductivism because testing a fact helps in improving a theory to its predecessor theory. Falsificationists believe that science is free of induction and in fact it is helping science for progress whereas inductivism works by seeking truth and is not contributing to progress in a rapid way.

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay

The Devil Wears Prada Commerce Essay This reports investigates the management style, organisational culture, power and politics and employee support lessons of Runway. A conclusion is made in the fifth chapter. It is important to note that the movie is a caricature on organisational level. Quotes from the movie are referenced with the first name of the character. Many authors developed many models to analyse the above fields. In this report however, a very brief selection was made due to the limited word count. The sixth chapter reflects how this relates to Duo2, the organisation I worked in. The last chapter offers recommendations. Management style The management style in runway fits the most the contingency approach. Different theories also identify the behavioural leadership. Contingency approach Scott states the essence of contingency theory: the best way to organise depends on the nature of the environment to which the organisation relates (Scott 1998: 96). The fashion industry is very dependent on their environment, which is very fluctuating. This means that Runways best way in constantly changing as well, answering the trends in the industry. Miranda often does last-minute changes such as rescheduling meetings or changing promotions due to external factors. Team working stimulates the spread of new ideas, which are vital for change (Burns and Stalker 1966). Moreover, this change or innovation is vital for most companies, especially in the fashion industry. Runway uses teamwork in order to get new fresh ideas. Miranda lets her team make suggestions to develop a new outfit for Runway-cover. Lawrence and Lorsch (1968) state the importance of balancing differentiation and integration of those teams, enabling them to be best equipped to adapt to environmental changes. The balance in Runway tends more to be towards integration instead of differentiation, due to Mirandas tight control and the strong organisational culture (see next chapter). Taylor (scientific management) did already emphasize the importance of choosing the general type of management best suited to a particular case (Bizcovering 2009). Follet (human relations approach) formulated the law of the situation: the necessity of acting in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation (Bizcovering 2009). As Andy develops and improves, Mirandas approach and attitude to her changes as well. The contingency approach is criticised because of its lack of theoretical foundation and being basically intuitive (Bizcovering 2009). Miranda has absolute power and controls whole Runway. This enables her to act in accordance with the specific requirements of a given situation. A more democratic approach would lack the flexibility needed to fully benefit the contingency approach. However, Mirandas decisions are indeed basically intuitive. Behavioural leadership The character of Miranda is autocratic. She uses direct control over her employees. It could be argued that creative jobs need more responsible autonomy. However, at Runway the direct control seems to work for most of the employees. On Tannebaum and Schmidts continuum, she scores highest on use of authority by the manager and lowest on area of freedom for subordinates. Andy literally sold her freedom to her. She does not have any private life anymore, illustrated by the loss of her friends and boyfriend. Tannebaum and Schmidt describe Mirandas behaviour as the manager decides and announces the decision. (Businessballs 2009). Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify her as a traditionalist, having little attention to the employee needs. Traditionalists oppose trade unions. For the size of a company such as Runway, it is however likely that there is trade union presence. The management style fits the business. The high autocratic behaviour exploits fully all opportunities the contingency approach offers. Moreover, it is one of the roots of the organisational culture, discussed in the next chapter. Organisational culture Runway has a strong organisational culture. This is because of the employees alignment to the organisational values. The best performing organisations are those with a strong culture (Deal and Kennedy 1999). Moreover, Peters and Waterman (1982) argue that excellent organisations have a strong cooperate culture. However, despite all the attributed excellence there is major risk in strong cultural organisation: groupthink. This name was given by Janis as a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking that people engage when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in group, when members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternatives of action. (Janis 1982: 9). This means that employees do not challenge the current organisational ideas, resulting in very poor innovation and low flexibility. Johnsons cultural web Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web consists out of six interrelated elements. Together they form the paradigm of the organisation. These six factors are described below. Stories Stories can be about people as well as events. On Andys first day, she hears from Emily that her precedents only lasted a few weeks. Moreover, Andy became a story herself because of her unfashionable taste in the beginning (Rebecca and Emily talking), and at the end because of her achievements (Emily talking to the new girl and Mirandas recommendation fax). One event clearly stands out as well: the fashion week in Paris. Paris is fabulous. Its the best thing that could ever happen to a person (Emily). Miranda confesses she lives towards this week during the whole year. These stories show how much Runway values the fashion week in Paris. Rituals and routines When Miranda arrives at Runway in the morning, the morning-routine can be clearly observed. Everything is prepared in a fashionable way before her arrival. When she arrives, people avoid her at any cost: a girl gets out of the lift for her and apologises, people in the corridor turn back the way they came from, etc. Dealing with Miranda requires some rituals. The most important one is to never ask her anything. When Andy goes to deliver the book to Mirandas house, Emily informs her about the strict book-ritual, described in appendix 1. Symbols Runway is fashion. This symbol can be found in the clothing style and even the eating habits of the staff, the design of the offices. Its product, the magazine, became a clear symbol in the fashion industry. Organizational structure The entire organisation is built around Miranda. Hierarchical structure at lower levels is not shown in the film. It is for example unclear how Nigel leads his department. Control systems There is no information about financial, quality or reward systems. Miranda exercises all control by making all employees fear her. This pushed the staff into certain rituals and routines, all in function to please Miranda. Power structures Miranda has all the real power. During the film this is obvious in the way she leads Runway. Even in the end, when they try to replace her, she has a list of people who will go with her if she goes. This proves her power. This topic will be further specified in the next chapter. In addition to Johnsons cultural web, an analysis according to Schein (1985), who argued culture could be analyzed at several different levels, is included in appendix 2. Handys four cultures Handy (1985) identifies the following four cultures. Trompenaars et al (2003) also distinguishes four corporate cultures, showing similarities with Handys model (appendix 3). Power culture Power cultures give complete power to a few who control everything. This allows them to make fast decisions and does not require much rules or bureaucracy. Miranda enjoys absolute power, which indeed enables here to make swift decisions. She makes the whole company run for her by constantly advancing deadlines. She is famous for being unpredictable because her position allows her to be unpredictable (Doug). Role culture A role culture has a highly defined structure, where everybody has its own role. These are usual hierarchical bureaucracies. At Runway, people do not seem to have a clearly defined role, especially Andy: she is Mirandas secretary, but also makes her childrens science-project, goes to pick up orders, buys food and drinks for Miranda and arranges the unpublished Harry Potter book for Mirandas children. Task culture In tasks cultures, employees work as teams to focus on a particular problem. Expertise is power. There is not much proof of teamwork at Runway, unless initiated by Miranda. Everybody does what Miranda wishes, despite their expertise. Person culture Person cultures all build on egalitarian individuals. Andy however does not have the same power as Miranda has. Whole Runway is just built on one individual: Miranda. Organisational power and politics French and Raven French and Raven (1959) argued that power is based on the following five categories: Coercive power This is the power of dictators such as Miranda. Though often identified as being physical, this is not the case here. The use of threats characterises coercive power. The fear of losing their job is the biggest threat for Runways employees. Employees only want to survive. Reward power As a single decision maker, Miranda can decide who gets promoted, or who joins her to celebrations. For example: the famous Paris week was taken away from Emily and given to Andy. However, employees are not rewarded for their compliance. Nigel explains Andy: Dont be surprised Miranda does not give you a kiss on the forehead and a golden star on your homework. Later on, he, one of the most loyal employees, did not receive a promised promotion because of Mirandas self-interest. Legitimate power Most people believe Miranda can make any demands, just because she is famous. As a leader of Runway she has legitimate power. However, this power is not only from her position: even when she would lose that position she has a group of people who would obey her. Referent power As being famous, Miranda enjoys a lot of referent power. A million girls would kill for that job [which Andy has] (Dough) or people are dying to work here (Nigel). Some employees perform beyond their capacity, because it is for Miranda. Emily for example comes to work when she is ill, telling herself I love my job, I love my job. Miranda uses her referent power as coercion. Maybe Emily did not come to work for Miranda (only) but out of fear of Miranda. Expert power In this category Miranda has a power base as well. Her expertise made her famous, which gave her referent power. Therefore she was given legitimate power as well. Miranda turned all powers into coercion, to have maximum control to do what she considers to be best for the magazine. Amitai Etzioni Etzioni (1968) discovered an association between the kind of power mix typically used by an organization and the modal involvement of its lower participant. Highly coercive mixes tend to be met with intensive negative involvement, normative mixes with intense positive involvement, and remunerative mixes with less intense positive or negative involvement, depending on the mix. (Etzioni 1968: 103). Coercive power Coercive power, typified by prisons, is discussed previously (3.1.1). Remunerative power Remunerative power, typical in factories, is discussed previously as well (3.1.4). Normative power Normative power relies on the power of symbols, typified by churches. The Runway magazine can be seen as a symbol of fashion. Nigel tells Andy the magazine represented hope for him when he was a little boy. Alientive involvement Alientive involvement describes Andys attitude, as an answer to Mirandas coercive power. She is pushed to do things against her will, such as helping on the science project of the twins. Calculative/pecuniary involvement Calculative involvement is based on extrinsic reward. This kind of involvement comes forth out of remunerative power. Emily is calculative involved because of the Paris week and all the clothes she would receive. Moral involvement Moral involvement is based on individual beliefs. At Runway, most employees are moral involved because they believe in Miranda for what she represents or symbolises, answering her normative power. Employee support lessons It is important to define the psychological contract first to understand what goes on in the workplace. It is defined as the expectations or perceptions of the two parties, employee and employer, of what their mutual obligations are towards each other. (Guest and Conway 2001). Andys and Mirandas expectations are different. The table in appendix 4 illustrates some of the differences. The psychological contract is based on employees sense of fairness and trust and their belief that the employer is honouring the deal between them. (CIPD 2008). Andy does not have this sense of fairness, she has feels as Mirandas slave, resulting in alientive involvement. However, this psychological contract does work for other employees, as they do not expect any fairness and believe that Miranda is doing what is best. Nigel plays a big role in Andys support lessons. Paternalistically he takes care of her appearance: giving her shoes, choosing clothes for her, taking her to the beauty department, etc. Emily tells her what she has to do practically: taking Mirandas coat, how to deliver the book to Miranda, not talking to Miranda, studying all guests names of the party, etc. Nigel and Emily helped Andy to fit into Runways organisational culture. Moreover, they explained the employers side of the psychological contract. There is a clear evolution in Andys behaviour and attitude, as she learns about Runways psychological contract. Being stressed out after Mirandas first demanding request, she is able to execute her later even more demanding tasks perfectly, as she learnt what Miranda expects. Not only did she find the unpublished Harry Potter script, she also knew that Miranda expected two copies, and made sure these copies were delivered to the twins before they went to their grandmother. In the end, even Miranda helps Andy understand that she expects the job to be more important than her personal life, because that is what it takes to do this job (Miranda). Andy evolutes into this kind of person, accepting Runways psychological contract. However, eventually she decides that she does not want to be like this, and quits her job. Conclusion Miranda is an autocratic dictator, using her own best practise way. This contingency approach gives her a lot of freedom. She is the base of Runways strong organisational culture. Johnsons et al (2002) cultural web and Scheins (1985) three levels describe this culture. Runway is typified by a power culture, giving Miranda maximum control and flexibility (Handy 1985). This power is based in all the categories identified by French and Raven (1959). Mirandas personal power sources (expert and referent power) gave her positional power sources (legitimate, reward and coercive power). She (ab)uses coercive power the most. Unlike Etzioni (1968) suggests, employees are mostly moral involved instead of alientive involved. Andy is the exception, not sharing the organisational beliefs in fashion, resulting in alientive involvement. The problem with the psychological contract is that it is unwritten, and thus difficult to find out (Guest and Conway 2001). Andy has the help from Nigel, Emily and even Miranda in understanding the psychological contract at Runways. As she becomes aware of Mirandas expectations, she adapts herself (and her expectations) to fulfil Mirandas. However, eventually she decides that her job does not come before her personal life. This difference in expectations makes her quit her job. Application to the organisation Duo2 Duo2 was a sustainable marketing and communication agency founded by me and five other students for two months, as part of our degree in marketing. A modern management style was used. Duo2 was a learning organisation (Garvin and Cizik 1991), acquiring knowledge to fulfil certain tasks. We developed a course book for entrepreneurship in the tourism industry, though none of us was familiar with tourism. Consequence: learning about tourism. Our CEO adapted a laissez-faire approach, giving us maximum freedom and responsible autonomy. We could chose our hours and place of work. Further it can be described as a manager who joins (Tannebaum and Schmidt cited in Businessballs 2009) as we made all decisions together. Purcell and Sisson (1983) identify this as sophisticated constitutionalists moderns. We had a very weak organisational culture, with no organisational- or power structure, no control systems and no rituals. Stories were limited to gossips about lectors. The only symbol was our logo (Johnson et al 2002). Our mission and vision captured our underlying values and beliefs (Schein 1985). We worked in teams focussing on different tasks (task culture) in an egalitarian and informal style (incubator culture) (Handy 1985 and Trompenaars et al 2003). Some people worked on the tourism course book, others focussed on other clients or other tasks such as creating the website, searching clients, etc. Power was based on expertise (French and Raven 1959). Somebody with superior writing skills was leading the writing team. Creative talents had authority over the website. Our involvement was calculative: we worked only hard enough to pass and for the money, which was equally divided. With no different positional power sources and equity there was a perfect psychological contract: We did not have different expectations for ourselves than for others. Though some had different levels perceptions of qualitative work, generally we all expected the same from each other. Appendix 5 compares the discussed topics of Runways with Duo2s Recommendations (if Duo2 would still exist) The management style, organisational culture and equity provided a lot of freedom in Duo2. To sustain this freedom, a lot of communication is needed (who works where on what?). Therefore I recommend the implication of a better communication system. Weekly office meetings at the same time would help. Especially a personal logbook/task plan available to everybody would be useful. This means that everybody can see who did, is doing, or going to do certain tasks at which location. This would enhance the current task culture and create more efficiency. Moreover, the personal logbook can also be used as a way of performance management. We had a lot of freedom which made us happy and generally performed well. Though for some individuals it is good to have some kind of control system in place, to make sure they perform equally well and to communicate performances of everybody (which cannot always be noticed). This would make sure that everybody works the same hard, supporting our egalitarian culture and Adams equity theory. At the weekly office meetings everybody could present their logbook, the work they did, and their task plan, the work they plan doing the next week. This control system makes the employees freedom justifiable and does not undermine it. It is important to state that the freedom was very important for our motivation and inspiration, as most tasks were creative. Moreover, this allowed us to get the maximum out of ourselves. The freedom needs to be kept, however I recommend the above control system to be implemented in order to guarantee and check upon the productivity of that freedom. List of References Bizcovering (2009) Contingency Approach to Management [online] available from [20 March 2007] Burns, T. and Stalker, G., M. (1966) The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publ. Businessballs (2009) Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum [online] available from [8 April 2009] Changing Minds (2009) Trompenaars four diversity cultures [online] available from [22 February 2009] CIPD (2008) The psychological contract [online] available from [12 April 2008] Deal, T., E. and Kennedy, A., A. (1999) The New Corporate Cultures. New York: Perseus Publishing Etzioni, A. (1968) Organizational Dimensions and their Interrelationships: A Theory of Compliance. Indik, B. and Berrien, K. (eds.) People, Groups, and Organizations, 94-109 Frankel, D. (2006) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [21 February 2009] French, J.R.P. and Raven, B. (1959) The bases of social power. Studies in Social Power Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Garvin, D. (2003) Learning in Action: A Guide to Putting the Learning Organization to Work. Harvard : Harvard Business Press Guest, D.E. and Conway, N. (2001) Organisational Change and the Psychological Contract. London: CIPD Handy, C., B. (1985) 3rd edn. Understanding Organizations. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Hedges, P. (2005) The Devil Wears Prada [online] available from [19 February 2009] Janis, I., L. (1982) 2nd edn. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Johnson, G., K., Scholes and R., Whittington (2002) 8th edn. Exploring corporate strategy. London: Prentice Hall Lawrence, P. and Lorsch, J. (1968) Differentiation and Integrations in Complex Organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30 Peters, T., J. and Waterman, R., H (1982) In search of excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. New York: Harper Row. Purcell, J. and Sisson, K. (1983) Strategies and practice in the management of industrial relations. Bain, G. (editor) Industrial Relations in Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Schein, E.,H. (1985) 3rd edn. Organizational Culture and Leadership. Chichester: Wiley Scott, W., R. (1998) 4th edn. Organisations: rational, natural, and open systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Trompenaars, F. and Woolliams, P. (2003) Business Across Cultures. Chichester: Wiley

Oliver North :: essays research papers

	In October and November 1986, two secret illegal U.S. Government operations were publicly exposed. In addition to naming other people as illegal operatives, the scapegoat of it all was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver L. North. Only months before he was being heraled in the New York Times as "President Reagan's Man of Action", and now North was being handed the blame of all guilty of illegally negotiating deals with Iran and Nicaragua. As the Iran-Contra Scandal was led into the national spotlight, so was Oliver North. But while in that spotlight, North pleaded the Fifth Amendment, the right to not incriminate yourself. With doing so, he also saved the reputations of many who turned their backs on him. For this and many other achievements, Lt. Col. Oliver L. North is an American hero. 	Oliver L. North was born in San Antonio, Texas. His age and date of birth are being withheld due to security reasons. He attended school in Philmont, New York and later enrolled into the United Sates Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. As graduation neared, North chose the path of being a Marine Corps leader. He was later called into duty in Vietnam, where he was station with K Company of the Third Battalion, Third Marine Regiment, Third Division from December 3, 1968 to August 21, 1969. During his service, North led many covert operations, and was awarded a Silver Star, a Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. He was a "marine's marine", and was a one-of-a-kind leader. 	While in Vietnam, he was assigned to counterinsurgency operations in which he met General Singlaub and General Secord, then lieutenant colonels. After coming back from Vietnam, he served as a planner in the Marine Corps headquarters in Washington, D.C. After being promoted to Major in the Marine Corps, North led a detachment of Marines who were to assist the rescuers of the aborted mission to free U.S. hostages in Tehran. A little more than a year later, while North was studying at the Naval War College in Providence, he came to befriend Navy Secretary John Lehman. Lehman helped North get a spot on the National Security Council. Among several military officers sent to the National Security Council, North was the youngest. He was described as a "bright articulate officer with a gung ho spirit who saw the world in sharply etched blacks and whites." His role was to draw up plans, to get them approved, and to see that they are carried out. Oliver North :: essays research papers 	In October and November 1986, two secret illegal U.S. Government operations were publicly exposed. In addition to naming other people as illegal operatives, the scapegoat of it all was Lieutenant Colonel Oliver L. North. Only months before he was being heraled in the New York Times as "President Reagan's Man of Action", and now North was being handed the blame of all guilty of illegally negotiating deals with Iran and Nicaragua. As the Iran-Contra Scandal was led into the national spotlight, so was Oliver North. But while in that spotlight, North pleaded the Fifth Amendment, the right to not incriminate yourself. With doing so, he also saved the reputations of many who turned their backs on him. For this and many other achievements, Lt. Col. Oliver L. North is an American hero. 	Oliver L. North was born in San Antonio, Texas. His age and date of birth are being withheld due to security reasons. He attended school in Philmont, New York and later enrolled into the United Sates Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. As graduation neared, North chose the path of being a Marine Corps leader. He was later called into duty in Vietnam, where he was station with K Company of the Third Battalion, Third Marine Regiment, Third Division from December 3, 1968 to August 21, 1969. During his service, North led many covert operations, and was awarded a Silver Star, a Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. He was a "marine's marine", and was a one-of-a-kind leader. 	While in Vietnam, he was assigned to counterinsurgency operations in which he met General Singlaub and General Secord, then lieutenant colonels. After coming back from Vietnam, he served as a planner in the Marine Corps headquarters in Washington, D.C. After being promoted to Major in the Marine Corps, North led a detachment of Marines who were to assist the rescuers of the aborted mission to free U.S. hostages in Tehran. A little more than a year later, while North was studying at the Naval War College in Providence, he came to befriend Navy Secretary John Lehman. Lehman helped North get a spot on the National Security Council. Among several military officers sent to the National Security Council, North was the youngest. He was described as a "bright articulate officer with a gung ho spirit who saw the world in sharply etched blacks and whites." His role was to draw up plans, to get them approved, and to see that they are carried out.

Catch 22 :: essays research papers

America has been involved in the cold war for years. The fear of communism is ruining lives. The country moves closer and closer to the Korean war. Joseph Heller’s Catch 22 is published. 1963- College students are seen wearing army fatigues with "Yossarian" name tags. Reports are being made about a "Heller Cult". Bumper stickers are manufactured which read, "Better Yossarian then Rotarian". The phrase "Catch 22" has surfaced meaning a "no win situation" it is now an excepted word in the English dictionary. Such a dramatic change in opinion from the earlier, Pro-war society, it is obvious that Catch 22 had some impact on the anti-war movement of the 1960’s-1970’s. Not to say the book was the one reason the movement started, It was certainly a catalyst. A protest novel, Heller’s story portrays the absurdity of bureaucracy, the stupidity of war, and the power they both have to crush the human spirit. Heller us es a war zone setting, to satirise society at large. He compares the commanding officers to Incompetent businessmen. "Don’t mumble, and mumble "sir" when you do, and don’t interrupt, and say "sir" when you do." Desiring promotion over every thing else, Colonel Cathcart keeps raising the number of missions the men of his squadron must fly. Even though the army says they need fly only forty, a bureaucratic trap called "Catch 22" says they can’t go home at forty because they must obey their commanding officers. Much like the work place, the men are forced to go through endless amounts of red tape, which hardly gets them anywhere. Yossarian tries to pretend he is crazy to get out of fighting. He signs "Washington Irving" on letters he censors, and walks around naked for a couple of days. If someone is crazy he needs only ask and he can be dismissed from duty. Yet, one would be crazy to fly, and only a sane person wou ld ask to stop, Yossarian is therefore not crazy and is ordered to continue flying his missions. Heller also demonstrates the effect war has on one’s mind. All of the pilot’s are coping (except Yossarian) with the war in different ways†¦The daredevil pilot, McWatt, loves to buzz his friend Yossarian’s tent. Mess officer Milo Minderbender turns his job into an international black-market food syndicate. Lead Bombardier Havermeyer Zeros in on target’s, no matter how much anti-aircraft peppers his plane.

Multimedia The Wide Spectrum Essay -- Essays Papers

Multimedia The Wide Spectrum In this paper, I will endeavor to provide you with a basic overview as to what multimedia consists of. I will also delve into the visual aspect in the wide spectrum of multimedia to show what it consists of and for a better understanding as to how it fits in. Multimedia first began with games but Web pages, interactive courses, and catalogs with sound and video have now dominated the stage. Not long ago, the term â€Å"multimedia† referred to a room full of slide projectors, tape decks, and movie projectors. Multimedia presentations were hard to put together and even harder to run. Many of them took weeks of preparation and they were then shown only once (Curtin 217). The computer has changed all of that. With multimedia, it is easier to stitch together the various elements and, once finished, the multimedia presentation is available to be shown over and over again. Multimedia is widely used in the entertainment and education fields. For entertainment, you can play computer games that seem almost alive with sound and motion. In education, interactive multimedia programs allow you to study and progress at you own pace and branch into areas of interest when you want to. You can even be a multimedia developer simply by using traditional office applications. Sounds and videos can be embedded in spreadsheet or word processor documents so when recipients click an image or click an icon they get and explanation of key points. Multimedia has entered and clung to the mainstream because of its attention-holding capabilities and effectiveness. It is used everywhere from business presentations to museum exhibits. Holiday Inn, for instance, uses it to train employees. When they click on topics, the system â€Å"talks† to them. It has reduced training time on a new property management system from 14 to 6 days (Curtin 218). Though history, and over recent years, various media have been developed that inform or entertain: paintings, books, magazines, newspapers, movies, radio, and photography ("Multimedia"). Using computers, multimedia fuses two or more of these media together on the premise that the combination is better than any of the individual components. Hence the term â€Å"multi† media. Multimedia can be used for entertainment, corporate presentations, sales presentations, education, training, kiosks, digital publi... ...oth. When done as a series of steps, an animation shows the girl growing old. To make morphing realistic, certain areas of the image, such as the eyes, must be overlapped on the first and last images and locked into place. This way, other parts of the image seen to transform around these fixed points (Curtin 223). Works Cited Curtin, Dennis P., et al. Information Technology: The Breaking Wave. Boston: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998. Geiken, C. â€Å"Multimedia Design for the World Wide Web.† NCSA. 17 Dec. 1998. 1 Dec. 1999 http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Training/AdvHTML/multimedia.design.html. Hajicek, Donald J. Design Post. 1 Dec. 1999 http://www.designpost.com/defaultflash.htm. â€Å"Integrated Services Digital Network.† Bell Atlantic. 1999. 3 Dec. 1999 http://www.bell-atl.com/federal/html/isdn.htm. â€Å"Multimedia.† PC Webopaedia. 1998. 2 Dec. 1999 http://webopedia.internet.com/TERM/m/multimedia.html. â€Å"Partial Project List.† Platinum Pictures Multimedia, Inc. 1999. 4 Dec. 1999 http://www.3dcafe.com/ppm/projects.htm. â€Å"Platinum’s 3D Art Gallery.† Platinum Pictures Multimedia, Inc. 1999. 4 Dec. 1999 http://www.3dcafe.com/ppm/gallery.htm.

The Scope Of Computing And Information Technology Developments Education Essay

Calculating and information engineering is a really dynamic, invariably germinating country with advanced applications emerging on a day-to-day footing. Some like the World Wide Web have led to rapid planetary acceptance and cardinal alterations in the manner people do concern and carry on their lives. These developments are frequently represented, peculiarly in the popular media, as the consequence of great penetrations or flashes of inspiration. The fact that these penetrations by and large occur to people who have spent considerable clip in painstaking systematic survey and probe is less by and large appreciated. It is hence of import that pupils shiping on a calling as computer science and IT professionals are given a clear apprehension of these developments in their socio-economic, historical and ethical context along with a house foundation in the cardinal professional accomplishments that will assist them lend efficaciously to its hereafter development. This unit aims to suppl y anchoring in cardinal professional based accomplishments such as the comprehension, analysis, rating, and recording of information, information determined decision-making, and the design of appraising probes in the context of some of the most exciting current developments in calculating and IT. The importance of professionalism, honestness, unity, equity, due attention, and attending to item is emphasised throughout. Purposes of the Unit The purpose of this unit is to present pupils of the range and scope of calculating and information engineering developments and give them an apprehension of the basic rules, cognition, tools and techniques necessary for the development of professional self-managed pattern in calculating and information engineering and to supply the support and counsel that will enable them to aquire assurance in planning and pull offing their work both separately and jointly as portion of a group. The accent of the unit will be on understanding calculating and information engineering as a professional subject with the regard of, and duties to, the general populace, relevant governments and the profession. Equally good as developing apprehension of personal and group direction skills the unit will supply experience in their application by presenting pupils to the rudimentss of systematic probes, informations aggregation, analysis, rating and presentation. Specifically, the unit aims to: aˆ? provide pupils with a wide cognition of the range of the field and its current developments and their socio-economic, historical and ethical context ; aˆ? give pupils a general grasp of the value of criterions and experience in interpretation, using and measuring conformity to peculiar criterions ; aˆ? familiarise pupils with techniques for efficaciously pull offing squad and group based work ; aˆ? aid pupils get liberty in pull offing their ain acquisition and supply experience in techniques of personal clip direction ; aˆ? introduce the basic constructs of systematic probe and job resolution ; aˆ? assist pupils in understanding computer science and information engineering within its socio-economic, historical and ethical context. aˆ? explain the importance of academic unity and how to guarantee that their ain work avoids charges of misconduct Learning Results Knowledge and Understanding Having successfully completed the unit, pupils will be able to show cognition and apprehension of: Socio-economic, historical and ethical context of calculating and information engineering ; The design, analysis and rating of systematic probes ; Academic and professional unity. Intellectual Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Evaluate paperss in footings of their intent, construction and manner ; Pose appraising inquiries and invent just agencies for proving them ; Assess the veracity of information in a assortment of signifiers ; Set particular, mensurable, accomplishable, relevant and clip related marks separately and in groups ; Practical Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Develop certification in conformity with a given house manner. Present informations and statistics to efficaciously convey information ; Interpret the degree of assurance informations provide for a hypothesis ; Movable Skills Having completed this unit, pupils will be able to: Demonstrate organizational and clip direction accomplishments ; Work with others to accomplish common ends Efficaciously present fresh thoughts to an audience of their equals ; Take effectual notes from spoken and written presentations ; Keep a portfolio that efficaciously records indispensable information related to their survey and pattern. Appraisal of the Unit Weekly Lecture Reflections and semester 1 accomplishments activities ( 36 Markss ) Students will enter their contemplations from the CCP lectures throughout the semester utilizing the templet provided. This will be looked at on a regular basis by the coach. Students will be expected to grounds completion of specific tutorial activities from the CCP and other units in their portfolio. Brooding Commentary ( 12 Markss ) . Students will be expected to reflect on their strengths and failings and place their short/medium/long term ends and how they have been able to accomplish them, to day of the month. Marks will be awarded for the critical rating of their advancement and personal development for semester 1. Integrated appraisal ( 15 Markss ) this constituent will be assessed as portion of the incorporate appraisal in hebdomads 13, 14 & A ; 15. Personal Development Plan ( 12 Markss ) . The pupil will get down a personal development program at the start of the unit, and the coach will discourse it sporadically throughout the unit with the pupil. It will be assessed sporadically throughout the two semesters. Group Report and Presentation in little groups ( 25 Markss ) . Students will be formed into groups and carry on an probe into a given subject and compose a formal study, every bit good as give a presentation on the subject that they have investigated utilizing techniques introduced in the unit. Feedback Feedback will usually be given to pupils 15 working yearss after the entry of an assignment. Introduction to Analyzing the Unit of measurement Overview of the Main Content Finding relevant beginnings of information in the library and on the cyberspace Analysis and rating of papers architectures and manners Comprehending, analyzing and measuring documental beginnings of information Effective note taking and journal maintaining Techniques for personal planning and clip direction Group work direction techniques – consensus edifice, goal-setting, guaranting committedness and conformity covering with struggle Asking appraising inquiries and finding a just trial Planing questionnaires and interviews Analysis of questionnaire informations Effective presentation of informations and information Academic unity, house manner, mentioning and referencing of beginnings Overview of Types of Classes There will be a one hr talk followed by a two hr tutorial in semester one and two hr tutorials in semester two with some one hr talks. Lectures will chiefly concentrate on presenting pupils to some of the broader issues in calculating and information engineering and will besides move as a ‘laboratory ‘ in which pupils can experiment with developing effectual note taking accomplishments. Tutorial clip will be divided between working on single and group undertakings, exercisings and whole category activities and one-to-one support Sessionss with the coach. Students will be encouraged to develop a personal development program and single support Sessionss will be organised around these programs. Importance of Student Self-Managed Learning Time The unit introduces a figure of techniques and accomplishments based exercisings that need to be practised on a regular footing for the pupil to be able develop competency and go skilled practicians. It is of import that pupils pattern these techniques in all their acquisition throughout the hebdomad. The personal development planning and one-to-one support Sessionss with there coach will assist pupils be after and pull off their clip efficaciously. Employability Professional behavior is cardinal to gaining the regard of employers and co-workers and the basic accomplishments and good wonts developed in this unit are extremely regarded by employers. In peculiar, being able to pull off their ain clip and work efficaciously in groups and squads is often cited by employers as an of import differentiator when choosing staff. Bing able to show competency in these countries therefore clearly improves a pupil ‘s opportunities of gaining and retaining good employment chances. The Programme of Teaching, Learning and AssessmentWeek Get downingSemester Week NumberLectureAppraisal Points27 Sep 2010 1Introduction to the unitProfessionalismSemester 1 Begins04 Oct 2010 2 Library Information Skills 11 Oct 2010 3 Personal Development Planning 18 Oct 2010 4 Can my electric refrigerator talk to my rinsing machine? 25 Oct 2010 5 Identifying your accomplishmentsPDP reappraisal by coachs01 Nov 2010 6 Learning Manners 08 Nov 2010 7 Note-taking & A ; analyzing 15 Nov 2010 8 Assuring Academic & A ; Professional Integrity 22 Nov 2010 9 Critical ReviewPDP reappraisal by coachs29 Nov 2010 10 Effective Writing 06 Dec 2010 11 CV Preparation 13 Dec 2010 12 CommunicationReflection & A ; Activities20 Dec 2010 27 Dec 2010 03 Jan 2011Christmas holiday10 Jan 2011 13 Integrative Assignment 17 Jan 2011 14 Integrative Assignment 24 Jan 2011 15 Integrative AssignmentSemester 1 terminals31 Jan 2011 1 Integrative AssignmentSemester 2 Begins07 Feb 2011 2 Assuring Academic & A ; Professional IntegrityGroup Work hand-out14 Feb 2011 3 Report WritingPDP reappraisal by coachs21 Feb 2011 4 Making the most of your clip at University 28 Feb 2011 5 Importance of p/time and impermanent work 07 Mar 2011 6 Puting it all together ( using for occupations ) 14 Mar 2011 7 Placements 21 Mar 2011 8 28 Mar 2011 9PDP reappraisal by coachs04 Apr 2011 10 11 Apr 2011 18 Apr 2011 25 Apr 2011Easter Vacation02 May 2011 11 Bank Holiday Monday 09 May 2011 12Group Work Presentations16 May 2011 13PDP Hand-in23 May 2011 14 Semester 2 tests, hebdomad 1 30 May 2011 Recess Week 06 June 2011 15 Semester 2 tests, hebdomad 2 REMEMBER – Your coach on this unit is besides your personal coach for the first and 2nd old ages of your class.Hand OutHand InMarksTimeDescriptionS1W1 S1W12 36 % 16 hours Study Skills appraisal and activities S1W1 S1W12 12 % 4 Contemplation on personal development to day of the month S1W13 S1W14/15 15 % TBD Integrative appraisal component S2W2 S2W12 25 % 8 hours Group work probe and presentation. S1W1 S2W13 12 % 4 hours Personal Development Plan ( PDP )The tutorial activities that should be included are:Information Searching Skills – completed undertakings with replies History of Calculating article and feedback ( Fintan Culwin ) Mail Merge ( photocopy of pronounced assignment and feedback from BAD unit. Students non making the unit should make the undertaking and subject the work as portion of the portfolio ) Short-term/medium-term/long-term targets/goals Weekly contemplation on all the talks, utilizing the given templet. Integrated Assignment In hebdomads 13 – 15 you will set about an integrative assignment. The bulk of the work for this will be group-based, and will measure larning in: Computer and Communications Architecture, Commercial Information Systems Development, Quantitative Analysis/Methods and Computing Culture and Practice units. Additionally there will be an single component in hebdomad 12 necessitating you to take one of a figure of occupations and fix an application. The stuff in the booklet will be of aid in all parts of the assignment but peculiarly with the occupation application. The assignment is deserving 60 % in entire for all four units ( 15 % for each unit ) . Contemplation and PDP Students should be able to show they have successfully planned their personal development. The pupils should supply a comprehensive list of strengths, failings, chances and menaces in a broad scope of relevant countries and be able to utilize their experiences whilst set abouting the first twelvemonth to successfully be after their personal development. There should be grounds of periodic reappraisal of their PDP and indicant of their advancement. 0 – 3 Minimal attempt – small grounds that PDP is understood, with limited efforts at placing their ain personal development 3 – 6 Some grounds that PDP is understood, with limited efforts at placing their ain personal development. 6 – 9 Clear grounds of comprehension of PDP, presented in a clear and systematic manner. Some work that goes beyond what has been introduced in the unit. 9 – 12 Excellent grounds of comprehension of PDP. Planned for their initial and/or go oning personal development and reviewed their pattern and evidenced from a assortment of beginnings. Student Evaluation By and large the pupils found the unit utile for fixing for them for theirstudies at university and besides for work. Learning Resources Core Materials Tony Buzan The Buzan Study Skills Handbook. BBC Active, 2006 S. Cottrell The Study Skills Handbook. Third Edition. Palgrave, 2008. L. Lee Davis Developing Work and Study Skills, First edition, Thomson Learning, 2007. G. Fairbairn & A ; C Winch Reading, Writing and Reasoning, Second edition OUP, 1996. A. Britton & A ; A Cousins Study Skills: A usher for womb-to-tomb scholars The Distant Learning Centre, London South Bank University, 1998 N Stanton Mastering Communication Palgrave Macmillan, 1996 Cameron, Sheila Skills Business pupil ‘s enchiridion: Learning accomplishments for survey and employments. 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005 McMillan, K & A ; Weyers, J The Smarter Student, First Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006 Jay, Ros & A ; Jay, Anthony Effective Presentation, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 2004