Gatsby Poetry Themes Flashcard

Gatsby Poetry Themes

Ecotourism in Hong Kong Essays

Ecotourism in Hong Kong Essays Ecotourism in Hong Kong Essay Ecotourism in Hong Kong Essay The image of Hong Kong is well known as â€Å"shopper’s paradise† and â€Å"Pearl of the Orient†. Further, according to the International Market Research Study, it shows that the lack of new appeals in Hong Kong is a significant reason for it not being considered as a vacation destination. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the appeals of Hong Kong. Why not use our existing natural resources as tourist attractions? To maintain the competitiveness, Hong Kong should build up its own unique and special character. Natural wonders of the territory provide a chance to show the uniqueness and international significance of Hong Kong ecology. Green tourism, outdoors, hiking and nature are some of the new and promising products most needed by consumers. Building ecotourism could attract special interest tourists. It was found that nature-based activities or scenery is one of the top attractions which the visitors to Hong Kong are interested in. These natural attractions include trips to outlying islands, nature reserves (Mai Po), beaches, mountain hiking, urban nature trails and dolphin-watching. Hong Kong’s remote, unpolluted outlying islands are an attraction for tourists. Many tourists are surprised that Hong Kong has dolphins in one of the world busiest harbors. In addition, a survey completed by the HKTA found that about 15% of tourists are interested in taking part in outdoor and hiking activities in Hong Kong. Since many overseas tourists are interested in seeing wildlife and beauty natural scenic, there is a potential market for ecotourism. About 70% of Hong Kong is rural area. Nature is right on the city’s doorstep. They are mostly accessible by buses and minibuses. Hiking, swimming, scubas-diving and sailing are all possible just a short journey from urban area. A total of 24 country parks have been designated for the purposes of nature conservation, countryside recreation and outdoor education. There are  22 special areas created mainly for the purpose of nature conservation. The country parks and special areas cover a total area of 44  239 hectares. The country parks comprise scenic hills, woodlands, reservoirs and coastline in all parts of Hong Kong. The country parks are very popular with all sectors of the community and spending a day in a country park is one of the best recreational choices. About 12. million visitors were recorded in 2012 and most visitors engaged in leisure walking, hiking, barbecuing and camping. Hong Kong has glory and outstanding scenic beauty, and also rich ecology. These are striking advantages for promoting ecotourism. Besides, Hong Kong is characterized by hilly topography with less low flat land areas. It consists of undeveloped and unspoiled steep hills, some 230 outlying islands and also other geographi cal and ecological features of high scenic and amenity value on Government lands with unrestricted public access and proximity to the urban areas. There is a wide variety of scenic views, landscape features and habitats including sandy beaches, rocky foreshores, mountain ranges, grasslands, valleys, shrub lands and so on. The sub-tropical climatic environment and extensive undeveloped tracts of natural landscapes provide a wide range of habitats, and supports high biodiversity of flora and fauna, both resident and migratory. There are about 500 species of birds, one-third of all species of birds in China. More than 230 species of butterflies and over 100 species of dragonflies can be found. There are more than 2600 species of vascular plants, 50 species of mammals, 80 species of reptiles and more than 20 species of amphibians in Hong Kong (AFCD 2013). A high proportion of birds in Hong Kong are winter visitors and passage migrants in spring and autumn, followed by resident birds and summer visitors. Migration is a strong instinct, and birds (particularly water birds) are often able to traverse immense natural barriers, frequently migrating and making one or more stopovers en route. In Hong Kong, we can watch butterflies in all seasons due to warm climate and the presence of a variety of habitats. There are over 230 butterfly species in Hong Kong and more than 130 species have been recorded in Hong Kong Wetland Park. The Butterfly Garden in the Hong Kong Wetland Park is planted with various larval food plants and nectar plants. It is an ideal place for learning butterflies. Dragonflies and damselflies are among the most beautiful and spectacular insects in the world. Their lives are closely intertwined with wetlands. Up to April 2009, there are 115 species of dragonfly officially recorded in Hong Kong. During the Dragonfly Festival, Hong Kong Wetland Park will organize a series of activities for public to broaden their knowledge of dragonflies. These activities also aimed to promote dragonflies watching and encourage the public to engage in the conservation works of wetlands and dragonflies. Our bustling metropolis has more than 40% of its land designated as protected green areas. Apart from providing habitats for our myriad wildlife, this verdant countryside is also home to world-class rock formations and geological features. A geopark is a unique natural area with special geological significance and natural and cultural landscapes, and can serve the three objectives of conservation, education and sustained development. The Marine Parks Ordinance protects and conserves the marine environment and a rich collection of aquatic animals and plants, such as corals, sea grasses and dolphins. In Hong Kong, there are 84 species of reef-building corals. Reef-building Corals in Hong Kong with the splendid colors and graceful growth forms and they also build homes for a wide range of marine animals. At present, there are four marine parks and one marine reserve, including Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park, Yan Chau Tong Marine Park, Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park, Tung Ping Chau Marine Park and Cape DAguilar Marine Reserve. They cover a total area of 2 430 hectares and comprise scenic coastal areas, seascapes and important marine habitats. Marine parks and reserve can be managed for conservation, education, recreation and scientific studies. In marine parks, visitors are encouraged to appreciate the beauty and diversity of marine life. Diving, snorkeling, swimming, canoeing, sailing, underwater photography and school visits are popular activities in marine parks. Educational activities such as guided tours, beach clean-ups, seabed clean-ups and public lectures are regularly organized. Tourists can take part in them. To conclude, there is a great potential for the further development of ecotourism in Hong Kong since the territory is rich in ecology with outstanding natural beauty. Pure Ecotourism can include as one of the attractions in the trip to experience the green side of Hong Kong and to show the compact and variety of the territory. However, it is unsuitable to promote ecotourism without any development strategy. To ensure the ecological sustainability of nature and ecotourism, conversation should be in the first priority when developing ecotourism. For the sustainable development of ecotourism, it is important to let tourism industry, government, tourists and residents know what is the meaning of ecotourism.

Mobile devices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mobile devices - Assignment Example Mobile devices enable communication by facilitating the process within which information and data is shared within an organization. This includes the exchange of information and data between the management and employees. For example information about the operations of organizations is communicated to the management team so that it is used to reach strategic decisions on how efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved within the organization. The interaction between an organization with stakeholders within the external environment such as consumers, suppliers, distributors, retailers and shareholders is facilitated through the use of mobile devices and as a result increasing the effectiveness of an organization in meeting its goals and objectives. For example mobile devices are used to answer the queries of consumers and their problems and concerns which cause them to be satisfied with the products and services that are rendered by the organization. In this sense therefore mobile devices allow organizations to effectively meet their goals of achieving a larger share of the market and wining the loyalty of consumers through effective and efficient service delivery and presentation of high quality and authentic products to the market. More importantly the effectiveness of an organization’s supply and value chains is facilitates through the use of mobile devices as a communication strategy through which effective int eraction is achieved with the suppliers, distributors and retailers of the organization’s products. Furthermore mobile devices enhance interaction with marketers and as a result facilitate the effectiveness of promotion of the organization’s good and services to the market which leads to higher sales. This therefore defines an effective organization as facilitate by the role of mobile devices in promoting interactivity with the stakeholders of the

Dynamic Regression A Simulation Exercise Math Problem

Dynamic Regression A Simulation Exercise - Math Problem Example From the chart it is also the drop is also evident in the market and MOTOR returns and this shows that a drop in the market returns will also signify a drop in the returns of the stocks in the market. Finally from the chart it is evident that there was a decline in the market returns in 1987 showing that returns for the other stocks also declined. We use 120 0bservations to estimate the model estimate the model rjt = j + jrmt + Ujt for both stocks, we use MOTOR return data for the year 1976 to 1985, after estimation sung the TSM software the results show that rjt = 0.00255 + 0.7193 rmt the above model means that is we hold all factors constant and the market return level is equal to zero then the MOTOR stock return will be 0.00255, also if we hold all factors constant and we increase the market return level by one unit then the MOTOR stock return level will increase by 0.7193 units. ... The above model means that is we hold all factors constant and the market return level is equal to zero then the GPU stock return will be 0.00063, also if we hold all factors constant and we increase the market return level by one unit then the GPU stock return level will increase by 0.4297 units. The R squared for this model is 0.0854and this means that 8.54% of deviations in the dependent variable are explained by the independent variable. The correlation of determination R squared value for this model depicts a weak relationship between the explanatory variable and the dependent variable. Hypothesis testing: We test hypothesis for the estimated coefficients in the two models, MOTOR model: rjt = 0.00255 + 0.7193 rmt MOTOR model Constant: Null hypothesis: = 0 Alternative hypothesis 0 Standard error: 0.00737 Coefficient: 0.00255 T calculated = 0.00255 / 0.00737 = 0.34599 T critical at 95% level of test = 1.95996 When the T calculated value is less than the T critical value we accept the null hypothesis, in the above case therefore we accept the null hypothesis that = 0 and therefore the constant is not statistically significant at 95% level of test. Motor Model Slope: Null hypothesis: = 1 Alternative hypothesis: 1 Standard error: 0.12481 Coefficient: 0.7193 T calculated = 1- 0.7193/ 0.12481= 2.249 T critical at 95% level of test = 1.95996 When the T calculated value is greater than the T critical value we reject the null hypothesis, in the above case therefore we reject the null hypothesis that = 0 and therefore the constant is statistically significant at 95% level of test. GPU model: rjt = 0.00063 + 0.4297 rmt GPU model Constant: Null hypothesis: = 0 Alternative hypothesis 0 Standard error: 0.00841 Coefficient: 0.00063

World Geogrpahy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Geogrpahy - Essay Example We begin by reading the testimony of a stampede that took place on Aug. 31, 2005 over a bridge over the Tigris River in Baghdad in which about 1,000 pilgrims lost their lives. Here we get to be introduced to Othman al-Obeidi, a Sunni who lost his life while trying to save Shi’ite from drowning in the river. Shi’ite consider him a martyr, some Sunnis too, while on the other hand a majority of Sunnis believe that he, â€Å"wasted his life for those animals† (Ghosh, p.1). The basic issue here is that there are mixed feelings between people on both ends. Some are friendly, while others have nothing but malice against each other. The origins of this fight began right after the death of Prophet Muhammad, with there being two groups of people; one who wished Muhammad’s Cousin Ali to be the Caliph, while others, the majority wanting Abu Bakr to become Caliph. After some years, a battle in the ground of Karbala took place in which the grandson of Muhammad, namely Hussein was martyred by Yazeed, the son of Muawiyah. Shi’ite mourns the death of Hussein each year on â€Å"Ashura† with â€Å"faithful march in the streets, beating their chests and crying in sorrow. The extremely devout flagellate themselves with swords and whips.† (Ghosh, p.2). Those who remained true to Muawiyah came to be known as Sunnis. Majority of Muslims across the world are Sunnis, but those who feel oppressed by their rulers are always attracted by the Shi’ite belief, which form a majority in countries like Iraq, Iran, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Pakistan. However, no matter how big the population be, it has generally been noted that Sunnis have remained politically in power in all the aforementioned countries (except Iran perhaps). Sunni leaders always upheld their domination by not including Shiites in the armed forces and bureaucracy. The

Design And Operation Of Engine Testing Facilty Engineering Essay

Design And Operation Of Engine Testing Facilty Engineering Essay ABSTRACT The report covers design and development of an engine testing facility for the operation of diesel and gasoline engines. It consists of two sub-cells for each engine type. It is designed by keeping Euro 5 emission standard in mind. A study was made to find the power output of the diesel engines of 1.3 lit. Turbo to 6.0 lit. Tdi and gasoline engine of 1.6 lit. With variable vane turbo charger and variable geometry valve timing. The Heat balance sheet for both the engine and the test cell was made on the basis of power output. afterwards, the mass flow rate of the fuel, air, cooling water and oil were calculated to design the test cell. The dynamometer and other equipments were selected based on their types and operation requirements. At the end the bill of material of all the parts purchased was prepared to illustrate that the designed testing facility meets the funds of the project. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT Introduction 5 Test Cell Facilities Typical Test Cell Layout Thermodynamics of the test cell and flow measurement 7 Energy Balance 2.2.1Diesel Engine Energy Balance 2.2.2 Diesel Cell Energy Balance 2.3.1 Gasoline Engine Energy Balance 2.3.2 Gasoline Cell Energy Balance Test Cell Design Individual Test Cell Size Test Cell Design Cell Services Diesel Test Cell Layout Dynamometers Dynamometer mechanism Dynamometer Types Selection Of Dynamometer Instrument Selection 5.1Engine Speed 5.2 Temperature Measurement 5.3 Flow Rates Measurement 5.4 Pressure Transducers 5.5 Emission Equipment 5.6 Smoke Measurement 5.7 Prices of the Instruments Conclusion Reference CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In the present scenario, internal combustion engines have become the most widespread form of energy conversion from chemical to mechanical form. A lot more is going on these days to improve the design of the engine using better materials and techniques in order to achieve more power and fuel economy. Considering the amount of effort that is being put to design an engine from scratch, the art of testing an engine is becoming much harder to master. The work of designing a test cell which should test engines with varied range of power output and size requires not only the skill and technical knowledge of the subject; it also requires the exposure to the new and developing experimental techniques to observe even the minute aspect of the project in order to design the best possible layout. The testing of an engine requires correctly measuring the parameters such as temperatures, air flow, fuel flow, air velocity and several meter readings in the first attempt itself as its an expensive ex ercise to conduct an engine test. [2] 1.1 TEST CELL AND FACILITIES To build a test cell requires a detailed study of the energy input and output with respect to the engine, size of the engine etc. So the proper plan has to be carried out. The test facility should be well equipped with the modern test equipments and instruments like gas analyser, transducers etc. Following topics discussed the facilities. 1.2 A Typical Test Cell Layout The following fig. shows a typical cell layout showing the different systems like ventilation for air, conditioning systems, data acquisition, cooling and air conditioning system etc.. Fig. 1.1 A typical Test cell layout CHAPTER 2 ENERGY BALANCE AND MEASUREMENT 2.1 ENERGY BALANCE With reference to the table and the figure, an energy balance of the 1.3 litres turbo engine (manufactured by FIAT), which produces a power of 95bhp @4000 rpm (equivalent to 70 KW) is carried out. The same procedure can be later followed to calculate the energy flows for the 6.0 litre Tdi V12 Volkswagen engine producing a power of 331 KW @6050 rpm 560 Nm of torque at 2750 rpm. 2.2.1 DIESEL ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE Engine: 1.3 litre turbocharged diesel engine, power output: 95 bhp(70.87 KW) Assuming thermal efficiency of the engine = 0.42, calorific value of diesel = 44.8 MJ/kg So, fuel input power = 70.87/0.42 = 168.73 KW Specific fuel consumption = Table 2.2 Energy Balance for the fiat 500 1.3 litre turbocharged 70.87 KW diesel engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 168.73KW Power 70.87KW (42%) Heat to cooling water 33.746KW(20%) Heat to oil cooler 5.0619 KW (3%) Heat to exhaust 42.1825KW(25%) Conv. and Radiation 16.873KW(10%) Total 168.73 KW 168.73 KW Flow Rate Calculations: Mass flow rate of the fuel: = The density of diesel fuel is à Ã‚  = 0.832 Kg / lt So, the fuel flow rate is: = 16.0096 litres / hr. Air flow: : Assuming that the air-fuel ratio at full load is 25:1 and air density is 1.2 Kg /, = 333 Kg / hr. = 333.5/1.2 = 277.5 m3/hr. Cooling water flow : : Heat loss to the cooling water is assumed to be 20% Therefore, Heat loss = Assuming 10 degrees rise in the water temperature = 48.4392 kg/min Exhaust flow : = 346.32 Kg/hr Engine: Volkswagen 331 KW, 450 BHP engine The energy balance and mass flow rates for this engine was calculated by similar fashion as shown in the above case. Table 2.3 Energy Balance for the Volkswagen 331 KW,450 bhp engine: Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 788.09KW Power 331 KW (42%) Heat to cooling water 157.6KW(20%) Heat to oil cooler 23.64 KW (3%) Heat to exhaust 197.02 KW (25%) Conv. and Radiation 78.809KW(10%) Total 788.09 KW 788.09 KW Table 2.4 Flow rates for the Volkswagen 331 KW engine: Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 63.3286 kg/hr Air 1583.21 /hr Cooling Water 226.22 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 1583 kg/hr 2.2.2 DIESEL CELL ENERGY BALANCE The energy balance for the diesel cell has been shown the table 2.5. Some of these calculations are being done in the ventilation system section. Table 2.5 Energy balance for the diesel test cell for 450 BHP diesel engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 788.09 KW Exhaust Gas 150 KW Ventilation Fan Power 10 KW Dynamometer Power 373 KW Electrical Cell Services 25 KW Engine Cooling Water 157.6 KW Ventilation Air 150.868 KW Cell Wall Losses 5 KW Total 823.09 KW Total 823.09 KW 2.3.1 GASOLINE ENGINE ENERGY BALANCE This cell is required to test the engines from 1.6 litre variable vane turbocharger with variable valve timing to 3 litres 400 BHP engine. Engine: Toyota corolla 1.6 litre VVT, 110 [emailprotected] rpm, 150 [emailprotected] rpm The energy balance and flow rate calculations are same as that of the previous. Assuming 30 30-30-10 thumb rule. The calorific value of petrol is = 48000 KJ/kg. Table 2.6 Energy Balance for the Toyota corolla1.6 litre 80 KW petrol engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 267KW Power 80 KW (30%) Heat to cooling water 80 KW (30%) Heat to exhaust 80 KW (30%) Conv. and Radiation 27 KW (10%) Total 267 KW 267 KW The 30-30-30-10 rule is used for the assumption that means assuming 30% thermal efficiency of the engine and the fuel power input has been calculated on this basis. Later, 30% heat loss is carried away by the engine cooling water and the exhaust of the engine. The 10% heat is lost to the surrounding air by convection and radiation. Following table represents the various flow rates for the engine assuming the air fuel ratio at full load to be 15:1 for the gasoline engines. Table 2.7 Flow rates for the Renault 1.6 litres VVT 80 KW engine Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 20 kg/hr Air (A:F = 15:1) 250 /hr Cooling Water 115 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 320 kg/hr Engine: A 3.0 litre 400 BHP (294 KW) gasoline engine Energy balance and flow rates have been calculated similarly as previous cases. Table 2.8 Energy Balance for the 3.0 litre 400 BHP petrol engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 980KW Power 294 KW (30%) Heat to cooling water 294 KW (30%) Heat to exhaust 294 KW (30%) Conv. and Radiation 98 KW (10%) Total 980 KW 980 KW The values shown in the above table have been calculated assuming the 30-30-30-10 rule as discussed in the previous section and the table below shows the various flow rates for the gasoline engine. Table 2.9 Flow rates for the Renault 1.6 litres VVT 80 KW engine Particulars Mass flow rate Fuel 73.5 kg/hr Air (A:F = 15:1) 920 /hr Cooling Water 422 kg/min or lts/min Exhaust 1178 kg/hr 2.3.2 GASOLINE CELL ENERGY BALANCE: The table below represents the energy flows in and out of the cell when operating on full capacity of 400 BHP gasoline engine Table 2.10 Energy balance for the gasoline test cell for 400 BHP engine Item Energy In Item Energy Out Fuel 980 KW Exhaust Gas 274 KW Ventilation Fan Power 5 KW Dynamometer Power 250 KW Electrical Cell Services 25 KW Engine Cooling Water 294 KW Ventilation Air 187 KW Cell Wall Losses 5 KW Total 1010 KW Total 1010 KW The energy balance sheets for the diesel and gasoline engines lay a firm foundation for the design of the in-cell services and selection of the equipments that have been carried out in the later chapters. CHAPTER 3 3.2 TEST CELL DESIGN The test cells must be provided with the following services: Water supply and drainage system Fuel supply system Ventilation system Taking engine exhaust to exterior Fire and safety regulations Portable test stand for the engine and dynamometer Control room or console etc We have to keep the temperature maintained at the ambient, so we have to give importance to ventilation system also. General purpose engine test cell has been shown in fig. 3.1. A typical test cell layout that has been used for these types of engines has also been shown in the fig. 3.2. Such type of cells is usually built side by side with common control room. The engines are imported in the cell from the rear door whereas the operator could enter from the front door. A thick glass is mounted between the control room and the engine cells so the operator could have a look at the cells while sitting inside the control room. [1] Fig. 3.1 General arrangement inside an engine cell aligned against a wall and the control room on the other side of the engine. Fig. 3.2 A layout of the test facility with two cells having a common control room .. Fig. 3.1 and 3.2 shows the typical layout of a facility incorporated with two separate cells and a common control room with a thick glass window separating the cell and the control room. The cells are aligned with a wall which leads the exhaust outlet to the atmosphere. 3.3 CELL SERVICES 3.3.1 VENTILATION SYSTEM Ventilation system plays a very important role in any engine testing laboratory or testing cell. inside the cell due to running of heavy engine a high temperature is developed also at the surface of the engine . so it is necessary to carry away this heat ventilation system should be strong enough , also it is necessary to keep the surrounding temperature at ambient conditions. The convection and radiation losses are assumed as below (based on diesel engine): Engine 78.809 KW (10% as mentioned in heat balance) Exhaust Manifold 10 KW Exhaust tailpipe and silencer 10 KW Dynamometer 40 KW Electrical equipments 15 KW Forced draught fan 5 KW Subtotal 158.809 KW Total (assuming 95% efficiency of the ventilation system) 150.868KW Table 3.2 Heat losses to be considered for the ventilation system design For the total heat loss from engine by convection and radiation H = 150.868 KW, the volume flow rate of air can be calculated as: Taking H = 150.868 KW, C = 1.01 KJ/Kg-K, à Ã‚  = 1.2 kg/m3, and temp rise of 10, the mass flow rate is: 12.447 m3/sec. or 746.87 m3/min. the air flow velocity in the duct could be taken in between 15-20 m/sec. For this value, the cross-sectional area could be 0.37-0.49 m2. So, from a range of standard duct area, it could be taken as 600mm X 600mm ( square duct) as it results into the air flow velocity of 19.5m/sec (satisfies the range of 15-20 m/sec) and velocity pressure or dynamic pressure of 228 Pa. [3] from the above data centrifugal and axial fans were selected for the inlet and outlet respectively . typical ventilation system is as shown in the fig. Specification of the fan used in the ventilation system is as follows: Fan Air vol. (m3/hr) Speed (rpm) Power (KW) Centrifugal 920 2250 0.29 Axial 958 1680 0.21 Table 3.4 represents the specification of fans selected for ventilation 3.3.3 COOLING WATER SYSTEM Water is an almost ideal cooling fluid as it has a high specific heat value, low viscosity, relatively low corrosivity and is freely available (Martyr and Plint, 2007). The required flow rates can be calculated similarly to that of air if the heat to be transferred and the change in temperature is known. Additives such as ethylene glycol (antifreeze) can be added to the water to improve the operating temperature range of the cooling system and inhibit corrosion, although the specific heat value will be reduced. There are various types of cooling water circuits that can be considered like: Open water circuit, where the water is supplied directly from the mains and is therefore not circulated back. Closed water cooling circuits, where the water is supplied from a sump or tank and can be circulated back. This has an advantage that the coolant could me mixed in water sump to improve the cooling effect. Closed pump circuit 3.4 DIESEL TEST CELL LAYOUT C:UsersrohitDesktopdiesel cell layout.png Fig. 3.4 The diesel cell layout base on all the calculation done CHAPTER 4 DYNAMOMETERS Dynamometers are used inside the test cell to measure the torque which developed on the engine output shaft. It also measures the power output of the engine. 4.1 WORKING OF DYNAMOMETER Fig. 4.1 typical setup of dynamometer The dynamometer resists the rotation of the engine shaft to measure its torque. The rotor rotates inside the stator which as the name indicates is stationary. The rotor exerts torque on the stator and this balanced by the load cell. The toque is given by: T = F X B And so the power developed by the engine could be known as: P = 2à Ã¢â€š ¬NT KW If the engine speed (in rpm) is measured using tachometer, the power could be easily calculated using the above equation. 4.2 TYPES OF DYNAMOMETER : The dynamometer types which are in practice include: Hydraulic Dynamometer DC Dynamometer AC Dynamometer Eddy current Dynamometer Each one of the above mentioned dynamometers has different set of working principle. There are four quadrants in which a dynamometer can operate: rotating clockwise producing or absorbing torque and rotating counter clockwise producing or absorbing torque. Figure gives a diagrammatical layout of these four quadrants. Most water brakes can only operate in the first quadrant. Eddy current dynamometers can operate in the first two quadrants, while AC/DC dynamometers can be used in all four quadrants. Figure 3-13: Dynamometer operating quadrants (Martyr and Plint, 2007) 4.3 DYNAMOMETER SELECTION: Different types of dynamometer has been studied by considering the advantage and disadvantage of each type of dynamometer the AC dynamometer has been chosen as it can perform in all the four quadrants and has lower inertia than the DC dynamometers, which makes it less vulnerable to vibrations due to rotation of the shaft. Diesel Cell: As the cell has been designed to fit in the engine ranging from 75-500 BHP. The dynamometer selected for this cell is AC 500 1811. 373 kw manufactured by Mustang dynamometer . The specifications are listed in table 4.2: Horsepower Cooling Type Constant torque range(ft-lb) Max Torque (ft-lb) 500 Blower 2455 2455 Table 4.2 AC dynamometer selected for diesel cell Gasoline Cell: The gasoline cell has been designed in such a way that it will test the engine with a maximum of 400 BHP. The selected dynamometer was AC 400 HP dynamometer manufacture by Dyne systems and its specifications are listed in the table 4.3 Horsepower Constant Torque range (ft-lb) Constant HP range Max Torque (ft-lb) 400 1175 3525 1787.91 Table 4.3 AC dynamometer selected for the gasoline cell CHAPTER 5 SELECTION OF INSTRUMENTS 5.1 SHAFT SPEED MEASUREMENT Tachometer is used for the engine speed measurement the non contacting digital tachometer is used so that it will not affect on the speed of the shaft . following tachometer is selected Make: Check-line ltd, Model: ctd-1000hd, Non-contact type, Measuring rang : 1.00-99999 Rpm, Prize: 5.2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT The inlet air, coolant inlet and outlet, exhaust and oil temperatures can be measured with thermocouples. Depending on the temperature to be measured, K and J type Thermocouples are the most common thermocouples available. J types operate in a smaller range, approximately to 150 °C while K types operate up to 1500 °C 5.3 FLOW RATE MEASUREMENTS a) Turbine-flow meter: Omega, model: FTB790 Series. It has an output range of 0-5V DC b) Fuel-flow meter: Fischer-Porter Digital fuel flow meter is selected c) Air-flow meter: Mass-air flow meter manufactured by Shijiazhuang Fortune Industrial Trading Co., Ltd. and FHC Ind, model: FHC-CMF I-DNXX Limited has been selected. temp range of -40 to 200. 5.4 PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS Omega high accuracy pressure transducer has been selected Model: PX01C1 -100G5T 5. Range: 0-400 bar, with 0 to 5 Vdc Output accuracy . 5 EMISSION EQUIPMENT The equipments used should be of euro 5 standards following chart shows the emission norms for euro 5 and euro 6 standards: EURO 5 EURO 6 PERTOL DIESEL PETROL DIESEL CO 1 0.5 1 0.5 THC 0.1 0.1 NMHC 0.068 0.068 NOX 0.06 0.18 0.06 0.08 HC+NOX 0.23 0.17 PM 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Fig. 5.2 EURO 5 and EURO 6 emission standards Exhaust gas analyser: XM2000 5 -gas analyser Exhaust Measurement System provides a portable, low cost tool for continuous analysis of engine exhaust gas components (HC, CO, CO2, NO, O2) system. XM2000 -gas analyser manufactured by Dyne Systems Inc. 5.6 PRICE-LIST Items Price ( Reason for purchase Dynamometers 1,20,000 Power and Torque measurement Centrifugal Fans 500 Forced Draught Axial Fans 1800 Ventilation Exit Feet levelling for beds 700 Absorb vibrations 6 thermocouples 100 Temp. measurement 2 Infrared thermometers 280 Non-invasive temp. 2 Digital Tachometers 125 Engine Speed measurement 2 Data-Acquisition System 1,10,000 Record and transfer data to control room 2 Pressure Transducers 700 Cylinder Pressures All types of flow meters 10,000 Measure mass flow rates Gas Leak Detectors 400 To detect leaks Smoke Detectors 50 To detect fire 5-Gas Analyzers (2nos) 4,50,000 To check emission TOTAL COST 6,67,780  £ CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

post colonial :: essays research papers fc

George, Rosemary Marangoly, and Helen Scott. "An Interview with Tsitsi Dangarembga." Novel (Spring 1993):309-319. [This interview was conducted at the African Writers Festival, Brown Univ., Nov. 1991] Excerpt from Introduction: "Written when the author was twenty-five, Nervous Conditions put Dangarembga at the forefront of the younger generation of African writers producing literature in English today....Nervous Conditions highlights that which is often effaced in postcolonial African literature in English--the representation of young African girls and women as worthy subjects of literature....While the critical reception of this novel has focused mainly on the author's feminist agenda, in [this] interview...Dangarembga stresses that she has moved from a somewhat singular consideration of gender politics to an appreciation of the complexities of the politics of postcolonial subjecthood" (309). Full text also available from EBSCOHost Academic Search Elite, Article No. 9312270407. Veit-Wild, Flora. [Interview with Dangarembga] "Women Write about Things that Move Them." Matatu: Zeitschrift fur afrikanische Kultur und Gesellschaft 3.6(1989): 101-108. Wilkinson, Jane. "Tsitsi Dangarembga." Talking with African Writers: Interviews with African Poets, Playwrights and Novelists. London: James Currey, 1992. 189-198. Tsitsi Dangarembga (b. 1959) was interviewed 4 Sept. 1989 in London by Jane Wilkinson, and I here highlight some points made in that interview. There seem to be many autobiographical parallels between Tsitsi’s and Tambu’s lives, although Tambudzai (supposed to be 13 in 1968 in the novel) would be slightly older than Dangarembga (who was 9 in 1968). Dangarembga says that she wrote of "things I had observed and had had direct experience with," but "larger than any one person’s own tragedies†¦[with] a wider implication and origin and therefore were things that needed to be told" (190). One important theme in Nervous Conditions is that of remembering and forgetting—especially the danger of Tambu’s forgetting who she is, where she came from—as her brother Nhamo did. Dangarembga acknowledges this in the interview (191). "I personally do not have a fund of our cultural tradition or oral history to draw from, but I really did feel that if I am able to put down the little I know then it’s a start" (191). Nyasha, the author says, doesn’t have anything to forget, for she never knew, was never taught her culture and origins—and this forms "some great big gap inside her." "Tambudzai, on the other hand is quite valid in saying that she can’t forget because she has that kind of experience. Nyasha is so worried about forgetting because it’s not there for her to remember.

Elizabethan Age – Age of Marlowe and Shakespeare

Elizabethan age was an era of extraordinary juxtaposition of whole new avenue of thoughts and avalanche of ideologies, which flowed in words of great literary geniuses. It began with the spirit of Renaissance marked by the quest for adventure and material wealth. It was the age when the minds of the people were lured by the new visions of distant lands rich in gold jewels and were swayed by the captivating charm of the beauty and loveliness. Music, dance and mirth played a significant part in their lives. On the other hand, Elizabethan era also saw the decay of moral values. From the noble class to gentry and from royalties to peasantry: people in an inexhaustible pursuit of materialism devoid from spirituality, adopted greed and corrupt values. The literature world delved deep into the psyche of the masses to illustrate the situation whereby in their quest for lavish life, they forgot that a tragic end awaits them. Both Marlowe and Shakespeare created the characters in their enduring plays Doctor Faustus and Hamlet, Prince of Denmark who became the emblem of tragic heroes. Both protagonists enjoyed a life of royalty because of their noble birth but both of their lives ended in tragedy in virtue of their most tragic flaw in their character. Their flaw was their greed and pride, which led them to pursue their evil designs and eventually their death. Marlowe’s hero is   Faustus who had extraordinary qualities and was a super human but his consuming passion reaches beyond the ordinary aspiration until he met with his fate. On the other hand, we cannot say Hamlet was lacking in moral values but he was also a conqueror and his greed to revenge the murder of his father surpassed all his good actions and deeds. For the pow er and wealth, Claudius murdered King Hamlet whose soul wanders and tortures the young Hamlet to ponder upon some foul play. Faustus and Hamlet exemplified the different faces of the human struggle of choosing between doing good and evil and how the correct or wrong choices and actions surpass the moral fiber of the individual. An overview of Dr. Faustus would reflect how a man overpowered by greed and ambition can be driven to sell his soul to the Devil but in the end would suffer the consequences of such a repugnant act. He abjured the scriptures, the Trinity and Christ to fulfill his inordinate ambition to gain super human powers by gaining mastery over unholy art of magic. By selling the soul to Devil, he lives a blasphemous life full of vain and sensual pleasures in 24 years and did not even hesitate to insult and assault the Pope with the Holy Fathers at Rome (Sparknotes 2007, Doctor Faustus). Though he felt a constant dispute in his soul between his overweening ambition and conscience, he ignored such conviction until the time wherein it was too late as eternal damnation awaited him (Sparknotes 2007, Doctor Faustus). In his inordinate passion to unravel all the mysteries of the universe, he forgot that he cannot overpower the time and when ultimately the time came for the devil claim his soul, he rea lizes that his sins are unpardonable and nothing can save him. Before the devil totally snatches his soul to bring him to hell, Marlowe wrote a poignant expression of Faustus’ final soliloquy: â€Å"My God, my God, look not so fierce to me! Adders and serpents let me breathe a while! Ugly hell, gape not: come not Lucifer:   I’ll burn my books: Ah, Mephistophilis† (Marlowe1588, Scene XIV)! Shakespeare’s Hamlet told of a tragic end brought about by bitterness and revenge- but the end of Hamlet was not due to the flaw in his moral character but the waver of the mind of the noble soul to avenge the death of his father. The play began with the presence of supernatural element in the form of the Ghost of Hamlet’s father. The figure of Ghost implied the emergence of tragedy that would change the course of Hamlet’s life because of the greed of Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius who later ascended to the throne of Denmark after marrying Hamlet’s mother (Sparknote 2007, Hamlet). Torn between righteousness and vengeance, Hamlet decided to avenge the death of his father but as he was thoughtful by nature, he delayed the revenge and instead entered in a deep melancholy. A definitive turn of events caused Hamlet’s fit of rage happened when he attempted of to kill Claudius, mistakenly he killed Polonius. Hearing the news of the death of Polonius, Ophe lia, Hamlet’s lover, went mad with grief and killed herself by drowning in the river (Sparknote 2007, Hamlet). Laertes wanted to avenge his father, Polonius and his sister, Ophelia’s death. Taking the advantage of confusion, Claudius instigated Laertes for a duel with Hamlet that allowed him to position a poisoned sword in Laertes hand to use against Hamlet, as well as poisoned drink (Sparknote 2007, Hamlet). Wounded Hamlet proved Claudius’ guilt from the dying Laertes; he picked up a poisoned sword, stabbed Claudius and forced him to drink the remaining of the poisoned wine. Claudius went into the eternal doom and Hamlet too died after he had his revenge. The first point of comparison easily becomes the moral fiber that Faustus and Hamlet had as two individuals reflected different motives and different objectives throughout that frame of the play. Marlowe had captured the moral value of greed for materialistic desires in the form of Dr. Faustus’ aspirations for gaining the knowledge of black magic. He had selfish motives that were strong enough for him to bid farewell the religious values of medieval period that valued Christian principles and that focused on the Will of God. Faustus believed that â€Å"these metaphysics of magicians and necromantic books are heavenly; O, what a world of profit and delight of power, of honor of Omnipotence, Is promised to the studious artizen: All things that move between the quiet poles shall be at my command† (Marlowe 1588, Scene I).   Such a statement showed why Faustus was drawn to the black arts; he desired power and decided it was better than the traditional norms of knowledge th ey were accustomed to.   He constructed his own demise when he initiated the deal with the Devil. He considered different fields of knowledge and dismissed them to be nothing compared to black arts, seeing them as something that would make him â€Å"a mighty god† (Marlowe 1588, Scene 1 Line 62). It was this greed that dominated Faustus’ morality that led him to be impressed with Mephastophilis’ lie of his so-called freedom and power (Marlowe 1588, Scene III Lines 76-80). On the contrary, Shakespeare’s protagonist, Hamlet was presented as a noble soul and possessed strong moral convictions. Although revenge was not considered morally righteous, it was his response to the evil that was injected in his life by his father’s murder. It presented a more human response to evil and how he adapted such ways because of the circumstance and not for his own selfish desires for wealth and power. As an effect, he killed Polonius whom he had mistaken for Claudius, his father’s murderer. Hamlet believed that it was his moral duty to avenge his father for his father to rest in peace. Hamlet declared such duty when he said â€Å"The time is out of joint, O cursed spite, That ever I was born to set it right† (Shakespeare 1600, Act I Scene V). Furthermore, Hamlet had shown disgust to other forms of immorality within his family as shown in how he hated his mother’s relationship with Claudius (Shakespeare 1600, Act I Scene II). According to Studer-Pauer (1994), â€Å"He acts rather on his moral sense of duty†¦ knowing that at the same time that he is sacrificing his own happiness and life, we consider Hamlet not only morally impeccable, but, indeed, a heroic figure† (94).   The function of Hamlet’s complexity exemplifies a person’s goodness and how it can be challenged during the most difficult of situations. On the other hand, Faustus showed how some humans would not stop until they are satisfied with what they have, even reaching the most wretched of options to attain an imaginary level of satisfaction. The second point of comparison the Hamlet and Dr. Faustus in the actions they took to carry out their plans to achieve their goals. Faustus defied the medieval conventions of love, selflessness and trust to become all powerful and wealthy. He was an exaggerated manifestation of a man from the Renaissance period whereby man can go into an extreme extent to achieve his aims. Faustus pushed the limits of morality the different extents in their travels throughout Europe. There was a time wherein he even went to the pope. Mephastophilis and Faustus even used their powers to play tricks on the pope. During meal time, the two made themselves invisible to curse and to cause such a ruckus as the friars and the attendants tried to drive out the believed ghost from their presence. Faustus’ character showed that was the actually the one looking for trouble as his actions either provoked or caused it. A number of passages like the one below show the lack of wisdom Faustus held on the conce pt of hell. Mephastophilis describes hell to be any place that is not heaven. Faustus took hell merely as a continuation of the life on earth. His lack of morality blinded him from seeing the difference between him and Mephastophilis that he is not yet damned to hell for eternity and that he still had time to repent. However, he chose to see hell in a different light that made it seem a lot bearable that it was (Marlowe 1588, Scene V Lines 133-135). Hamlet’s motive was still connected to his sense of duty to his father’s vengeance. However, the route he took to achieve such goal was not through justice and righteousness by law. He took matters into his own hands with a path inconsistent with Christian values. Homicide and deception became his tools for revenge. He reveals such disdain for himself and his actions in a conversation with Ophelia, â€Å"I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me: I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious, with more offences at my beck than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in. What should such fellows as I do crawling between earth and heaven† (Shakespeare 1600, Act III, Scene I)? There was also a time when Claudius and even Hamlet’s own mother Gertrude did not want him to go home from school. Hamlet was such a deep thinker that he almost drove himself insane from all the pondering he has done, however it has driven him to melancholy. He was so depressed that he even contemplated on suicide. â€Å"O that this too solid flesh would melt, Thaw, and resolve itself into dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d His canon ’gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world† (Shakespeare 1600, Act I Scene 2)! He did not commit suicide but his final actions led him to stab Claudius after Laertes revealed to him that he was truly the one to blame for the former King’s death. When Hamlet had received be vengeance for his father, he has already killed Polonius and Laertes by his sword and the play ends in a tragedy. The actions of the two protagonists showed how choices made and the actions taken were important despite the fact that one holds a high degree of morality and righteousness. In the same way that the biblical truth goes, faith without action is dead. Hamlet’s morality and goodness would not matter if he chose to do evil. Faustus from the start lacked that fiber of morality and it was reflected in how he was clueless as to what he was getting into. The third point lies on the fact that both lead characters from both plays exemplified the fight for goodness as both struggled throughout the play about the righteousness of their actions. Both of them had scenes wherein there was an inner struggle in their souls about the consequences of their deeds, an inner conflict of following good or evil. There may be a varying degree of the level of struggle and goodness; the point is it existed for both characters. Even if Faustus has already sold his soul to the devil there were countless instances wherein good tried interfering to push him to ask for forgiveness and repentance. In the beginning, there was a time wherein a good angel and the evil angel reflected that Faustus’ struggle whether he should stop studying the black arts and turn to the Scriptures of God again. Like the other times that he struggled, he chose the evil path. Near his death, he was urged by an old man to repent and to ask for forgiveness from God, â€Å"Ah, stay, good Faustus, stay thy desperate steps! I see an angel hovers o'er thy head, And, with a vial full of precious grace, Offers to pour the same into thy soul: Then call for mercy, and avoid despair† (Marlowe 1588, Scene XII Lines 44-46). Once again, Faustus listened to Mephastophilis. He renewed his vow to the devil and stabbed himself sending him to an eternity in hell. Even in his final hours when there he was asking for mercy. However, he could not completely be freed from his ties with the devil partly because he did not have enough faith the God would forgive him. It is Hamlet’s nature to be meditating on the things that are going on around him.   The presence of the ghost that was supposed to be his father’s symbolized his contemplation of whether the ghost really was his father or if it was an evil spirit trying to get him to murder Claudius. Hamlet caught up in the despair of it all said, â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them† (Shakespeare 1600, Act III Scene 1). His despair brought him to a point of hopelessness and depression that he questioned whether it was better to take his own life, which was a mortal sin, or to live and suffer. Nevertheless, Hamlet suffered and struggled inside for the rest of the play, more so because of his genuine goodness. Faustus showed the same regard for the consequences of his actions. Both opted to choose evil, even if one was lesser than the others; one chose revenge over justice, the other chose temporary wealth and power over salvation. There was reformation in every sphere of life and people were swept by the waves of such change of mindsets. The struggle for good and evil reflects the reality of the common man who constantly fights to uphold goodness in one’s life. A number of times, people fail to triumph over evil as the will grows weaker against the desires of the heart. The important lesson manifested in both plays was the importance of choices that is available to everyone. Bibliography Marlowe C. (1588). Doctor Faustus. New York: P.F. Collier ; Son Company, 1909–14 Shakespeare W. (1600) .Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: The Norton Shakespeare: W.W. Norton ; Company, Inc. Sparknotes.com (2007). Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark. Retrieved on October 17, 2007, from http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/hamlet/index.html. Sparknotes.com (2007). Faustus. Retrieved on October 17, 2007, from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/doctorfaustus/. Studer-Pauer, H. (1994). Norms, Values, and Society. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ; ;

Brief Political Ideologies

Brief Political Ideologies Modern Liberalism The ideology of modern liberalism is a recent thought which has been developed by borrowing views and ideas from other theories to form a huge body of ideology from the works of renounced scholars and philosophers such as Theodore Roosevelt, J.F Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson and Lyndon Johnson.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Brief Political Ideologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These people came up with powerful theories which have been incorporated together to form the ideology of modern liberalism. This ideology addresses issues like government entitlements like health care, education, abortion, voting and gay rights. Modern liberalism borrows ideas from several sources. According to the works of Roskin (2009) the modern liberation ideology combines both social liberalism and progressivism to meet the needs of the society and the economy. It is therefore the duty of the federal governmen t to ensure that high level of employment are maintained, to oversee the life and labor standards of its citizens as well as establishing universal social security patterns and to regulate business competition methods within the state (Roskin, 2009). Arthur Schlesinger in 1956 stated that the United States encompasses a laissez-faire and government form which aimed at achieving equal opportunities for every person, but the means employed to achieve this vary under different circumstances. He also pointed out that the concept liberalism has varying interpretations as its application is different in various parts of the globe. In Europe, it is referred to as classical liberalism, whereby it is characterized by features of restricted government and laissez-faire economy (Heywood, 1998).  American liberalists are described as receptive to change and new ideas as they accept ideas from science such as evolution that are by conservatives (Roskin, 2009). Liberalism is against socialism, the ownership of distribution and ownership means, as they belief that political opposition basses and freedom cannot survive if all power was vested on the state. If the there can be obtained equal and wide variety of opportunities got from mixed enterprises, there would be no need to have oppressing and rigid bureaucracy. They argue further that if the available markets were regulated efficiently there could be no need for the central control and the top-down programs because they can offer better solutions. According to the argument which was presented by Paul Krugman, there should be a high degree of efficiency in state owned corporations such as health, education, security and so on. He also supported the monetary policy, saying it approaches the policy of stabilization, which is to give demand in a way it does not disrupt resource allocation. Thomas Friedman was in unison with these ideas especially the one regarding to free trade.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He believed that through its application, the gap between the rich and the poor will decrease. He believed that the role of the state is to act as a major splitting point among liberalist. Defining the state’s growth has significant importance to modern liberalism. Liberal constitutions create constraints on power of a public official, government branch and the whole state as well (Roskin, 2009). According to the theory of liberal philosophy, there exist five different categories of morality. The first category is concerned with fairness and promotion mainly emphasizing on empathy. The second category is concerned with helping the needy and nurturing the spirit of good among all the individuals in the society. The third category is concerned with the protection of those people who are defenseless. The fourth category is concerned with the fulfillment of one`s des ires in life by achieving his/her objectives in life and living life to the fullest. The fifth category is concerned with self caring, an important ideology since this is where the foundation of caring for others is built on (Schlesinger, 1956). Fascism Fascism is a political ideology where leadership of a state is vested under one individual or a group of individuals. This ideology of was founded during the First World War in Italy by leaders of trade unions together with political leaders to form the political right wing. Fascists feel like the economic, social and political sectors of a state should be organized in a corporatist manner. Under fascism, the government system is characterized by having a tyrant as the President, use of fear in order to undermine opposition in all sector of the Economy. It has heavily borrowed for the social ideologies that were present during the French Revolution as well as the slogan â€Å"Equality, Liberty, and Fraternity†. The ideology be lieves that a nation should be viewed as one huge family under a central leadership. The society should have a common feature of identification and have love for their nation to the extent that they can go to war to protect their country. Democracy is viewed as a setback to social and economic development of the society. Under this system all of the important sectors of the economy are owned by the state. The state makes all the laws and in most cases it cannot be questioned on the decisions it makes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Brief Political Ideologies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Armed violence and combat are the main elements in the running of government affairs which aim at instilling discipline and shaping the character of citizens with the help of the army. According to fascists war, violence and aggression is viewed as means of creating the spirit of togetherness among the citizens of the n ation and at the same time they gain respect from other nations. They argue that the state should create and maintain a strong hold on its citizens (Roskin, 2009). Fascism does not embrace equity, rationalism or the right to own property by individuals. They are against liberalism since they feel that it mainly concentrates on economic development. This ideology is also against the concept of social stratification into classes since individuals who are stable economically might become the political leaders of the society even though they are not eligible for that position. Leadership should only fall in the hand of the elite people in the military who will rule with a strong hand, maintain the sovereignty of the state and organize the factors of production in the best way possible to maximize production of goods and services within the country (Schlesinger, 1956). Conclusion Modern Liberalism would suit the United States government in the various realms that exist in the society. Vi ews from this ideology that are essential in attaining and maintaining high standard political, social and economic aspects of the nation should be adopted by the policy makers of the government. Liberalism has proved to be very adaptive to the rapidly progressive world. The United States government has citizens that are of diverse racial origins, and to integrate them into one unified population; it needs to borrow some concepts from the ideology of liberalism. The policy of democracy that is the core principle of the government is addressed as a major aspect of liberalism. It is best for the government not to undermine its principles that it stands for. References Heywood, A. (1998). Political Ideologies. An Introduction. Houndmills. Macmillan Press. Pp54-93. Roskin, G. Cord, L. Medeiros, A. James. J Walter .S. (2009). Political Science. An Introduction (11th Ed.). New York. LongmanAdvertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schlesinger, A. (1956). Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans: The Politics of Hope. Boston: Riverside Press

7 Things to Do the Summer Before Starting Graduate School

7 Things to Do the Summer Before Starting Graduate School Starting graduate school this fall? Like most soon-to-be grad students you’re probably both excited and anxious for classes to begin. What should you do between now and the beginning of your first semester as a graduate student? Relax Although you may be tempted to read ahead and get an early start on your studies, you should make time to relax. You’ve spent years working to get through college and make it into graduate school. You’re about to spend more years in graduate school and face more challenges and higher expectations than you encountered in college. Avoid burnout before the semester even begins. Take time off to relax or you may find yourself fried by October. Try Not to Work This may not be possible for most students, but remember that is the last summer that you will be free from academic responsibilities. Graduate students work during the summer. They do research, work with their advisor, and perhaps teach summer classes. If you can, take the summer off from work. Or at least cut back on your hours. If you must work, make as much downtime as you can. Consider leaving your job, or if you plan to continue working during the school year, consider taking a vacation two to three weeks before the semester starts. Do whatever is necessary to begin the semester refreshed rather than burned out. Read for Fun Come fall, you’ll have little to no time to read for pleasure. When you have some time off, you’ll probably find that you don’t want to read as that’s how you’ll spend large chunks of your time. Get to Know Your New City If you are moving to attend grad school, consider moving earlier in the summer. Give yourself time to learn about your new home. Discover grocery stores, banks, places to eat, study, and where to grab coffee. Get comfortable in your new home before the whirlwind start of the semester. Something as simple as having all of your belongings stored away and being able to easily find them will reduce your stress and make it easier to start fresh. Get to Know Your Classmates Most incoming cohorts of graduate students have some means of getting in contact with each other, whether through an email list, Facebook group, LinkedIn group, or some other means. Take advantages of these opportunities, should they arise. Interactions with your classmates are an important part of your grad school experience. You’ll study together, collaborate on research, and eventually be professional contacts after graduation. These personal and professional relationships can last your entire career. Clean up Your Social Profiles If you haven’t done so prior to applying to graduate school, make some time to review your social media profiles. Are they set to Private? Do they present you in a positive, professional light? Ditch the college partying pics and posts with profanity. Clean up your Twitter profile and tweets as well. Anyone who works with you is likely to Google you. Don’t let them find material that makes them question your judgment. Keep Your Mind Agile: Prep a Little The key word is little. Read a few of your advisor’s papers- not everything. If you haven’t been matched with an advisor, read a bit about faculty members whose work interests you. Do not burn yourself out. Read a little simply to keep your mind active. Do not study. Also, keep an eye out for topics that interest you. Note a stimulating newspaper article or website. Don’t try to come up with a thesis, but simply note topics and ideas that intrigue you. Once the semester starts and you make contact with an advisor, you can sort through your ideas. Over the summer your goal should simply be to remain an active thinker. Overall, consider the summer before graduate school as a time to recharge and rest. Emotionally and mentally prepare yourself for the amazing experience to come. There will be plenty of time to work and you’ll face many responsibilities and expectations once graduate school begins. Take as much time off as you can- and have fun.

Being Assertive instead of Being Aggressive at Work Essay

Being Assertive instead of Being Aggressive at Work - Essay Example When going for a career start, it is important to understand the present day workplace. The 21st-century workplace is diverse in terms of culture, race, and gender; it is global. Employees must be prepared to deal with people from any part of the world confidently and without bias. One should enter a career with a positive attitude towards teamwork. Organizational success depends on teamwork and communication is the key to a good team spirit development. Career development in the world of new technology depends on one’s ability to adapt to the new technology. All individuals preparing for any career should keep the above points in mind in order to become successful professionals. INTRODUCTION Workplace environment greatly affects the well being, health, productivity and motivation to work in the employees (Jones, 2001). The workplace environment is a factor in the behavior of employees, therefore, it is up to them to maintain a healthy workplace environment. According to (Scot t & Judge, 2006), the personal traits and the affective states experiences by people in organizational setups determine the quality of workplace atmosphere. To play their role in contributing towards a healthy workplace environment, one should enter any career after being well prepared to deal with the challenges of a workplace (Jones. 2001). Self-mastery, conquering control on persona; traits via personal and independent victories of self-control is basic and very important if one wants to reach the level of interdependence in an organization (Covey, 1989). 1. BEING ASSERTIVE INSTEAD OF AGGRESSIVE AT WORK Assertiveness is the key to respectful survival in the workplace (Weinberg & Cooper, 2007). Assertiveness is sometimes confused with aggressiveness. In reality, there is a difference between the two. Aggression refers to pushing others to get what one wants, while assertiveness means to stand up for one’s rights, still respecting the other’s point of view. Assertiven ess is a way of communicating what one wants respectfully but firmly (Sparks, et al; 2001). According to one study by Rabin & Zelner (1992), assertiveness is a major contributing factor in job satisfaction. Training in assertiveness can not only help in enhancing work productivity of an employee but can also contribute towards a successful career (Rabin & Zelner, 1992). Though the line separating aggressiveness and assertiveness may be thin, the consequential implications of both behaviors are contrasting. The result of aggression is usually negative feelings in others and both parties not getting what they want while assertion leads to what one wants without conflict and in such a way that the other party does not feel defeated (Glomb, 2002). 2. BEING PROACTIVE IN CAREER According to Covey (1989), change always originates from within; so it is best to identify what one can do instead of attempting to do whatever comes in one’s way. A proactive disposition, according to Bandu ra (2001; cited in Stadtler, et al, 2010) refers to bring change and complete tasks by one’s actions.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 27

Case Study Example In that case, the main issue is whether or not Mimi should be considered for the position since her prior destructive actions might taint the image of the company. Although Mimi is creative, a Chinese citizen, and has successfully launched two brands from the biggest clothing organizations in the US, she is highly opinionated and brash; hence, Fred Weston, the CEO has a difficult time deciding on whether to hire her. Furthermore, due to Fred’s loyalty to John, he feels that he should hire Mimi, who is John’s daughter. Fred Weston is also afraid that the competitors could hire her and the company would be at a competitive disadvantage. Regardless of her prior behaviors, Mimi has the qualifications and credentials that are required in order to improve the image of the company and take it to a higher level. For that reason, Fred Weston should go ahead and permanently hire Mimi in the US branch but not in China. Moreover, since she is aware of the Chinese history, she has experience in the local dialect, and can speak Mandarin fluently; Fred should ask her to become a mediator or liaison between the China and the US markets. Although the company will be covering Mimi’s background, Fred will have done a tremendous job of offering the firm a creative and talented worker; hence, improve on its relationship with the China market. This means that the company can conduct another interview and hire a project manager who will work in China while at the same time employing Mimi for the US operation and keeping her as part of the Chinese operations’ strategic team. Besides that, Mimi is a brilliant person who can boost the sales of the company and is described as opinionated, overly creative, innovative, and a risk taker. She also understands the culture of the Chinese people as well as their fashion oriented trends. This means that Fred can include her in discussing how Hathaway Jones can be developed in