My Personal Philosophy of Education

My philosophy of education are the types that are known as progressivism and existentialism. I believe that for me a combination of the two is a perfect way to teach. Progressivism is ideal because the teacher gives the student a say in what they can do within the classroom. It is a hands on system of working. I believe that students can learn very well if they do activities themselves. Learning about how to do something and actually getting to do it are two extremely different things. Existentialism is also ideal because this method of teaching allows children to confront his or her freedom. Children need a sense of freedom in making decisions about school work. I believe that if progressivism and extentialism are combined children can carry out hands on tasks while at the same time making an independent understanding of a particular concept. If a child learns hands on how to do something they will find it quite meaningful, and will be able to relate it more to veryday life. School work can become meaningful if a child independently understands what is being taught. Then, children will look forward to leaning and will be more comfortable learning from their teacher. I am looking forward to becoming a teacher. As a teacher of elementary students I will always hold high expectations of my students. I hope to find that children love to learn and also look forward to learning. However, I do understand that some students are not willing to this. I will ind this a challenge for me which I ma capable of handling I hope to always have students involved in what is being taught. I will do this by having hands on activities as well as independent activities. I will use fun methods and ideas to get children involved in the lesson. If a child is having fun this will enable the student to get a better understanding of a particular lesson. All in all, I want my students to have an understanding of the lesson while at the same time having fun!

Philosophy Of Life And Education Education Essay

The delay and grueling hours of survey and fulfilment of academic demands will shortly be over. I meet the chance of graduating from this University with a grade in Business Finance with assorted feelings. First, there is alleviation that all the hours that I have put in order to accomplish this stepping rock into the universe of concern have eventually paid off. Second, there is pride that I was able to carry through so much non merely academically but besides for my ain personal development within the continuance of my class in the University. Third, there is besides the fright that I feel comes of course to every alumnus as he steps out of a familiar environment and into an unfamiliar one. I know, along with every alumnus this twelvemonth, that the existent universe of work will be much tougher than the academia. However, I am confident that with my strong background in broad instruction and in my field of specialisation, I will be able to see my ends to fruition. There are three primary ends in my life at this peculiar clip which emphasize on household, personal, and societal duties. My first end is to take a successful calling as a man of affairs as I fulfill the household duty of pull offing the household concern. Having come from a traditional Eastern household, I am expected to take over the reins of the concern which my ascendants have labored to set up in order to procure the demands of the household. When I graduate, I will apprentice under my male parent until I have adequate experience to personally run the palm oil concern that my household owns. In my civilization, household ever comes foremost. This is my manner of honouring all the forfeits that my parents have done for me in order to supply me with a nice life and an first-class instruction. As my parents progress in age, it is the duty of the kids to take attention of them in their retirement. This is why my first major end at this point in my life is to instantly use all that I have learned to back up my household and prolong our support. My 2nd end is of a personal nature. Finally, I want to prosecute a alumnus grade in order to heighten my cognition in concern direction. Obtaining a maestro ‘s grade in concern disposal in the close hereafter will be of great aid to me professionally. On a personal degree, I recognize that larning does non stop and must be pursued continually. In add-on to executing the duties that one ‘s household expects of you, one should besides see one ‘s personal growing and development as a major end. My 3rd end relates to societal duty in relation to concern as a profession. During several categories I attended, I learned and appreciated the duty for concerns to do a positive impact to the community. I consider it an duty particularly for concerns rooted in the environment, like the oil concern. I had frequently considered puting up a scholarship fund for qualified yet disadvantaged kids in my community. There are many who are deprived of the basic demands in life such as instruction that need aid from those who can supply it for them. I do non believe that the impact of my instruction should interpret into doing the most addition for the benefit of the household concern I will shortly pull off. Rather, as Wood ( 1999 ) stated, the societal duty of concerns includes the designation and rating of concern results non sole of fiscal profitableness or a company ‘s wellbeing but by rules such as moralss and societal desirableness. I believe that ethical behavior of concern and profitableness are non reciprocally sole. Ethical motives and societal duty encouragement concern while at the same clip lending positively to the society in general. I recognize of class, that the universe is undergoing several societal, economic and political turbulences. The recent planetary crises and the outstanding dirts affecting planetary corporations Enron and AIG have had several deductions for the universe of concern. Political differences all over the universe – the Israeli-Palestine struggle, terrorist act, the atomic menace posed by Iran and North Korea, and the crude oil wars – affect lives and concerns around the universe. Peace remains elusive. Without peace, the chance of economic and societal development becomes even dimmer. Furthermore, the job of clime alteration besides presents several deductions for concerns including the concern that I will shortly take. Erratic conditions forms lead to drought, torrential rains, landslides, storms and works disease which will impact the palm oil concern negatively. My hopes for the universe within the following five decennaries are many. First, I look frontward to a more sus tainable and greenish universe. Because of my engagement in the palm oil industry, I feel that I can make my portion in conveying this about. In the palm oil concern, the environment is ever a primary concern. Palm oil companies are invariably pressured by environmental groups to cut down their environmental impact, which I think is merely fitting since the industry itself relies on sustainable environments to do their concerns grow. I believe that palm oil concerns should endeavor to implement schemes that would do palm cultivation work harmoniously and non negatively with the environment. Aside from saving and re-afforestation attempts, there should besides be clear waies in research and development to come up with ways for sustainable palm oil cultivation and to develop environmentally-friendly fuel. The palm oil industry presently presents an alternate to ozone-harmful crude oil energy with biodiesel and oleo-chemicals. It is of import that these attempts are carried on for the benefit of a greener universe. Second, I besides hope for a more socially responsible concern sector. One of the most dramatic realisations I had while in college is the judgement that most concerns operate with net income as the lone end. Several industries around the Earth have left devastated environments, deforested lands, and polluted Waterss. Furthermore, corruptness and maliciousness besides hound the corporate sector following the recent batch of dirts affecting the top foreman of fiscal corporations. I feel that supplying an illustration to other concern leaders and concern proprietors on working ethically in the behavior of one ‘s concern will be important. In this mode, I feel I can someday lend to making a more socially responsible concern sector. However wishful I am to see this hope realized, I recognize that most business communities refuse to take the ethical position. I believe that the perceptual experience of many in the concern sector is that net income is the primary purpose, the societal duty ends are simply optional. I believe that non being able to determine future concern leaders to go more socially sensitive is a defect of modern twenty-four hours instruction. Education in the schoolroom has failed to interpret into work forces and adult females who care about the universe and who are capable of looking at things from a larger position. This is one of the chief grounds I am thankful that my college instruction has become an empowering experience for me. In the past, I used to be apathetic to the events that form and reshape the universe. My involvement has merely been self-preservation and self-advancement. The twenty-four hours I stepped into the university, I resolved that I will make everything I can to stand out and do my household proud of me. However, the lessons and classs I have taken have forced me to re-evaluate my ain ends and positions in life. As C.S. Lewis stated, the emancipating character of instruction transforms a pupil from â€Å" an stubborn small package of appetencies â €  toward â€Å" the good adult male and the good citizen † ( qtd. in Dunn 1 ) . As I graduate, I hope to go that adult male C.S. Lewis was mentioning to. A college instruction has done so much in pitching me towards that way. First, a college instruction has developed my ability to believe independently. Because of the diverse lessons that I have learned inside the schoolroom, from the humanistic disciplines, doctrine, political scientific discipline, and economic sciences, I have become person who can believe for himself. Before, I used to organize no sentiments about most things or issues. Yet, a college instruction has made me more opinionative and comparatively free from the confines of traditional or conventional thought. Second, it has made me more critical of the sentiments of others as good. The inclination for pupils or kids is to trust on the wisdom of those who are more experient than they are. As I learned more and endeavoured to educate myself on issues that impact me as a citizen, I found that I no longer cleaving to what my parents or equals say and think. The more sceptered my head has become, the more I can show myself. Third, a college instruction has besides led me to appreciate diverse ness in assorted signifiers. The authorization that comes from instruction allows us to see the universe from a wider lens. By larning about different civilizations, theories, and contexts, I have become more occupied to the survey of history and civilization. I admit that, being of Eastern descent, I carry with me several biass and preconceived impressions about people, events, and issues. The more I learned, nevertheless, the more I realized that I was incorrectly in most of these beliefs. I have besides developed the accomplishment to set things into the proper context and justice with an unfastened and critical head. A college instruction has besides helped me understand the universe better. It has opened my eyes to a diverse set of doctrines and accounts of phenomena that I have ne'er even dared to cognize approximately. Before I started college, many things remained cryptic or dazing to me. For case, I failed to understand why Islamic extremism exists and why people would make hideous Acts of the Apostless such as suicide bombardment. I besides could non appreciate why there are feminist motions around the universe and why generative rights is such a immense issue. Because these subjects were discussed in category, my eyes were opened for the first clip. Although I admit that taking it all in posed a great trouble, the of import thing was, unlike in the past where I was blind to such issues or phenomena, I have now learned an account for them. I enjoyed most of the assigned readings and besides exhausted clip reading books that were of a personal involvement to me. Possibly the most memorable book and philosopher I greatly appreciate and find inspirational is Nobel Prize laureate Bertrand Russell and his books, including his autobiographies. I admire his glare and his echt concern for the human race, with this quotation mark from The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell: Three passions, simple but overpoweringly strong, have governed my life: the yearning for love, the hunt for cognition, and intolerable commiseration for the agony of world. These passions, like great air currents, have blown me hither and thither, in a contrary class, over a deep ocean of anguish, making to the really brink of desperation. aˆÂ ¦ This has been my life. I have found it deserving life, and would lief populate it once more if the opportunity were offered me ( Russell 3-4 ) . Russell ‘s eternal captivation with the human spirit is something I wish for myself. With all my experiences in college, I feel the demand to construct on that cognition more and more. In the past, I could see myself a inactive scholar. Largely, I take in whatever is being taught but ne'er truly do an attempt to understand or appreciate it. I besides consider myself a lazy reader, sing it a load to bury myself in a few pages of books and analyse its contents. My strong suit has ever been in Numberss and mathematics. My life in college has changed the manner I take in cognition. When I majored in finance, I was able to appreciate how Numberss and mathematic calculations are being applied in concern. This made me more interested and more committed to my specialisation. Furthermore, I have found myself prosecuting others when discoursing societal issues and showing my sentiment when I have something to state. These betterments with myself and my methods of larning I can impute to the broad instruction provided to me and the inspiration I derived from the books and philosophers I have read. A broad instruction creates the all-around person. This is what it means to me. Broad instruction plants under the premiss that the ultimate end adult male is to go â€Å" to the full human. † To be to the full human requires non merely that work forces can be able to believe but to interpret this thought into the public presentation of our responsibilities as members of society. Hence, broad instruction does non restrict itself to the remarkable undertaking of preparation persons for the work force. While fiting people with the accomplishments they need for future employment, broad instruction, harmonizing to C.S. Lewis ( 1999 ) , â€Å" conserves civilisation by bring forthing sensible work forces and responsible citizens † ( p. 18 ) . This is after all, what sets us apart from the animate beings. Men should move non merely out of the demand for self-preservation and needs satisfaction, they should be able to be free from basic appetencies and utilize their head to ju dge what is right and incorrect for them and for society. Before, I failed to appreciate why I need to take classs in political scientific discipline or sociology or doctrine – topics which I felt were irrelevant to my major in concern finance. I realized subsequently on that an instruction with a strong background in broad humanistic disciplines provides a more comprehensive position of the universe and completes the partial position provided by one field of specialisation. If I focused on one country of cognition, my position of the universe is uncomplete. My capacity to believe critically, justice, and move upon that judgement would be limited because I lack the information demand to do wiser determinations. Hence, I began to look at my major as merely one piece of the mystifier and that cognition requires several pieces to be patched together. Several of these pieces could merely be completed with general cognition provided by a broad humanistic disciplines instruction. Broad humanistic disciplines provides all-around instruction by giving pupils a diverse organic structure of cognition and the critical thought, analytic and scrutiny accomplishments to set these thoughts into their proper context and do sense out of them. Decidedly, the broad humanistic disciplines classs I took had a liberating consequence on me. As I earlier stated, I used to look at the universe in mere Numberss and mathematics. I cared less for what was go oning around me – in the societal and political environment. As a consequence, I had several prejudices and biass which were a contemplation of my hapless background in general cognition. In this mode, instruction as a whole has become non merely necessary, but meaningful to my future profession and to my personal life. After I graduate from college, I intend to prosecute a maestro ‘s grade in order to go a fiscal analyst. I expect to read several books in finance and concern disposal. Along with these required books, I besides intend to read on moralss, doctrine and the environment to assist me accomplish the three major ends I have set for myself as I graduate from college. I want to be a good man of affairs non merely in footings of the profitableness and productiveness of my concern but because of how ethically sound I conduct my concern. My personal mission statement in one sentence is: To go to the full human and being a positive force in society by populating with honestness, compassion, and duty. In the professional sense, I want to be able to take the household concern with efficiency and profitableness while adhering to the ethical criterions and rules required of socially responsible concerns. I want to lend, in my capacity as a future man of affairs and fiscal analyst, to a greener and more sustainable Earth by advancing environmental-friendly policies and researches. Furthermore, I want to put an illustration for the concern sector in making concern responsibly.

Why have many governments found it necessary to regulate the terms, Essay

Why have many governments found it necessary to regulate the terms, conditions and processes in the sale of insurance and financial services products - Essay Example Insurance is one among the financial system. Insurance is a part of financial system. It takes care of the financial consequences of certain specific contingencies both in case of individuals and corporate bodies. The effect of the losses o financial system is not only negative but may be disastrous and catastrophic also. It may be at micro - level or macro - level. Insurance provides financial security wherever there is an insurance policy. In fact, insurance is legally compulsory. The insurance sector has weathered terrorist attacks of previously unknown magnitude; it has suffered from a severe drop in equity markets; it is going through a prolonged period of historically low interest rates and has even suffered from major credit defaults (Rossum, 2005). But it remains in good shape. The attack on the World Trade Centre is a good example in this context. Though past performance can be relied upon to decide whether regulation is necessary or not with respect to sale of insurance and financial service products, there are certain trends which support the need for regulation. They are - The regulation of the financial system can be viewed as a particularly important case of public control over the economy (Giorgio, 2004). A plethora of theoretical motivations support the opportunity of a particularly stringent regulation for banks and other financial intermediaries. Such motivations are based on the existence of particular forms of market failure in the credit and financial sectors. Regulatory Framework A regulatory framework is most essential in order to manage any financial system as a matter of fact ((ICMR), Financial Management for Managers, 2003). The governmental regulatory framework seeks to Define avenues of investment available to business enterprises in different categories, ownership-wise and size-wise; Induce investment along certain lines by providing incentives, concessions, and reliefs; and Specify the procedure for raising funds from the financial markets. Despite the existence and sale of numerous insurance policies that cover various contingencies, the economic reason for the regulation of the insurance is yet to be defined in the financial literature. There are many rigorous arguments in favour of the regulation of insurance companies, some of which are discussed as follows (Booth, Oct,2007). First and foremost, regulation can prevent the adverse affects of information asymmetries in markets for illiquid contracts. Secondly, regulation can be used to ensure that insurers commit to contracts. In the case of life insurers these contracts may be incomplete, and it may be difficult to determine the terms of the contracts objectively; this is particularly so with U.K. with-profit contracts, for example. As discussed in the initial paragraphs of this paper, the term 'financial system' traditionally includes banking, financial and insurance segments ((ICMR), Commercial Banking, 2003). A primary objective of financial market regulation is the pursuit of macroeconomic and microeconomic stability. Safeguarding the stability of the financial system translates into macro controls over the financial exchanges, clearing houses and securities settlement systems. Earlier, many academics and practitioners have argued that, there is a definite

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Employment Relations - Essay Example This socioeconomic demarcation inevitably paves way for South-to-North migration, which will remain our area of focus. In 2000, there were a total of 80.9 Million migrants in the world among which approximately 40% of the migrants were from the South. According to the International labor Organization (ILO), some of the reasons cited for migration include: †¢ Poverty †¢ Wars †¢ Famine †¢ Repression †¢ Population pressures on scarce natural resources, †¢ Wage or income inequality †¢ Growing urbanization, †¢ Reduction in the cost of transport and communications †¢ Increasing interactions among societies †¢ Establishment of migration networks by earlier migrants. Globalization is both a cause, and a consequence of migration. While most of the world is celebrating increased transnational interaction, there is growing skepticism about the fruits of such open interaction and liberal policies. This notion has translated to simultaneously incr easing nationalist sentiments in some factions, specially as an aftermath of the global economic crisis. Immigration restrains have often been a subject of moral debate with proponents of migration citing the right to emigrate, as an inalienable right of any human being. It is suggested that equality of opportunity shouldn’t be restricted by geographical boundaries. ... International labor laws and migrant unions are constantly trying to create a balance between easing migrant movement, yet maintaining national sovereignty through regulation of immigration. Consequently, the migrant worker has yet again become an area of focus. Historically seen as an instrument of convenient labor, the experiences of migrant workers pose as interesting commentaries on the existing socioeconomic fabric of the globalized world of today. THE MIGRANT LABOUR MARKET: A notable feature of a number of migrants from the South is their socioeconomic milieu and their skill and education level. While many professionals are seen migrating to the Northern regions, at the other end of the tier there is mass mobilization of unskilled labor, the attractiveness of which lies in its abundance and easy accessibility. Most economies of the South are not able to sustain their citizens, thus the labor market naturally diverts a number of people to move to destinations where they can fetc h a relatively higher price for their provided labor. (S, Valiani., 2008) On the demand side, businesses in the North view unskilled migrant workers as a convenient alternative to an empowered local labor market, thus creating room for more commanding working terms. The dynamics of this relationship cause the room for the employers to create undue influence by virtue of their position. This is perhaps an area where trade unions have not been able to negotiate because it lies beyond their conventional area of work. (Holgate, J., 2005) The need for migrant labor in a host region occurs either because of a dearth of the required labor in the local market or because of cost effectiveness. It has been seen that there are particular sectors that usually provide employment for migrant workers.

Was the suspension of habeas corpus by Jefferson Davis necessary Research Paper

Was the suspension of habeas corpus by Jefferson Davis necessary - Research Paper Example It is thus imperative to begin with a detailed explanation of the meaning and key concepts of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is a writ founded on the legal doctrine of an accused person’s entitlement to a fair trial. Its essence is that a person deserves to be tried before an open court of law where he can respond to the charges presented before him as an accused person. It is therefore a court order to show cause as to the purpose and a justification for the arrest of the accused person. When presented before a court of law, the state is required to bring forth a prisoner held in custody so that the court can determine the lawfulness of the detention.2 It is for this reason that Habeas corpus is considered to be among the cornerstones of American civil liberties and has been used extensively as a powerful safeguard against unlawful arrests. The term ‘habeas corpus’ originates from the Latin maxim â€Å"to produce the body of†, whereby ‘habeas’ l oosely translates to â€Å"you have† and ‘corpus’ refers to the body. The writ can be traced as far back as the British occupation of the United States. However, the most accurate detailed explanation of its origin is found in the British Magna Carta. ... The American Constitution allows for the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in cases of rebellion or the invasion of the public safety.4 Under the American history, the writ has been suspended severally, especially during the American civil war. The first suspension of the writ took place in 1861, where President Abraham Lincoln authorized a suspension of the writ upon the outbreak of riots, threats of succession and resident militia actions.5 Even then, this generated a public outcry in which the Maryland courts challenged the suspension of the writ.6 President Jefferson Davis repeated the same act upon the emergence of the American civil war. However, his suspension of the writ during the confederacy period earned him a lot mob criticism. This is because not only did he suspend the writ once, but also sought to seek the extension of the suspension through congress. Unlike in the north where the suspension arose from civil unrest, the suspension of the writ in the south was mai nly to spur economic development that had been rampaged by the economic crisis of the south. Partly to blame for the extension of the suspension was the reasoning, by Jefferson Davis, that winning the confederacy war and uniting the northern and southern states was his priority. The extension of the martial law was just but the means to win the war over the south and return the south to economic prosperity. This therefore meant that when the attention of the world was upon the Confederacy, President Davis’ focus was solely upon how to win the war, no matter what it took and any step towards achieving this objective was acceptable. Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy The American civil war emerged as a fight to preserve the union that was the United States of America.

Leadership management of multicultural team through changes Essay

Leadership management of multicultural team through changes - Essay Example A patent is an exclusive right granted by the government to an inventor to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years (Dictionary, 2014). A patent can provide a company up to 20 years of exclusivity in the marketplace. To complete this project the firm has formed team of six professionals. The composition of the team that is going to be working on the project is made up of people from different cultures. In the work environment of the 21st century it is common for firm to formulate multicultural teams. For companies multicultural teams present challenges, but the also present a unique opportunity. Three advantages of workforce diversity are increased adaptability, broader service range, and variety of viewpoints (Greenberg, 2009). Another advantage of forming a multicultural team is increased creativity. Diversity carries a special significance in todays workplace (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2003). Despite the advantage of multicultural teams there are also often issues associated with its utilization. The team that was formed to complete this project is composed of six members. Their names are John, Julie, Jinsoo, Tom, Darious, Harpreet. The six members are all from different cultural backgrounds. The different countries the members are from are United States, India, Iran, China, and South Korea. Even the two American members of the team are from different ethnicity. When a team is composed of a wide variety of cultural backgrounds often these cultures crash with each other and it causes the team to display inefficiencies that hurt the ability of the members of the group to comply with the requirements of a project. Problems such as not being able to meet the deadline can occur in such dysfunctional groups. â€Å"Just as likely as the positive affects of integrating people from diverse backgrounds are the inevitable cultural clashes that test the validity of the company ethics policies and the

Research, Theory and Practice Cycle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research, Theory and Practice Cycle - Assignment Example The relationship between research theory, and practice should be well understood because research without theory gives discreet information or data with no value to the discipline. The relationships are direct and positive which enables the experts to put the facts together providing tangible information. The transformation of nursing practice is possible by the incorporation of theory into the practice showing the evident excellent nursing care that the researcher should provide the patients (Tailor & Ranpenning, 2011). Since all the elements of nursing theory and practice are related. It is justified that entry can be done at any point because one element leads to the other and the cycle rotates. Nursing can be perceived both as a discipline and as a profession. Understandably, both the two entities are inherent since they can be applied correspondingly. It is noteworthy that nursing discipline requires a qualified and well-trained expertise to carry out because all the practical elements of research, theory, and practice are applicable to the daily health

International financial market - and- corporate risk management Essay

International financial market - and- corporate risk management - Essay Example The above equation evaluates the return on a risky asset in terms of (a) its minimum compensation and (b) its potential risk compensation. Within the thinking on modern portfolio theory, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) establishes the theoretical relationship between risk and return, where average expected investor return is determined by the average market return, as shown below: ÃŽ ² represents market sensitivity. An investor can, hence, estimate returns (r) by understanding ÃŽ ², the risk inherent in the stock, when only the stock’s history is considered. In a well diversified portfolio, though, the volatility of the individual stock has little influence on the portfolio’s overall performance. Empirical data gathered in investigations of CAPM, however, argues against the predictions of the model and this has largely invalidated many applications of the model. Portfolio Theory is focused on investors. Two fundamental choices have to be made: what proportion of risky assets should be included in the portfolio; and asset allocation, which depends on the conservative or aggressive requirements of the investor. The theory of diversification allows lower standard deviations and variances of returns within a portfolio. Additionally, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) suggests that the prices of assets fully reflect available information: the implication is that the market cannot be consistently outperformed, since future share prices cannot be predicted based on historical data (weak-form efficiency); share prices adjust immediately to all available information (semi-strong-form efficiency); share prices reflect public and private information (strong-form efficiency). Diversification suggests two subsequent approaches to the management of the portfolio: active management requires the selection of stocks and the timing of the market, whereas passive management requires the purchase and long-term

Human Resource Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Change - Research Paper Example Historically, Jack Cohen (Tesco, 2011) was the person who founded Tesco in East London in late 1910s. From a small retail outlet in East London in the year 1919, Tesco has now approximately four thousand eight hundred locations around the world. In specific, Tesco (2011) began from selling grocery items; however, now involved in selling of consumer goods, as well as financial services globally. Initially, during its beginning, Tesco Tea was the only brand product that was available at Tesco (2011) in 1920s. By proving it as a leader, in the year 1979, Tesco (2011) was successful in reaching the annual sales of one billion pounds. However, within three years, the annual sales doubled indicating its success in the global retail market. On international level, Tesco (2011) enjoys the credit of becoming the first retailer to indicate nutritional values of its products. During 1990s, Tesco began its journey towards Asian countries, and it has been successful in Asian region until today. I n the year 2000, Tesco (2011) launched its official website, and in the year 2007, Tesco (2011) was able to launch its first outlet in the USA. In this regard, from 1919 to 2011, Tesco (2011) has been successful in becoming a global retailer giant. Besides such achievements, Tesco (2011) has been offering a motivational workplace environment to its employees as well. According to its website (Tesco, 2011), the company offers a training and development opportunities to its workforce by allowing them to continue their education while working at the same time, which is an efficient way of the company to encourage its employees to develop themselves while putting efforts to... This essay stresses that autonomy indicates the level of freedom that individuals get during their different tasks in the organizations in terms of their decision-making power. Lastly, the last trait refers to the extent to which managers give value to feedback of the employees in an organization. From recognition of these five core job traits, it is an understanding that the organization will be able to employ the most appropriate motivational strategy on the employees, and will be able to acquire most efficient outcomes. HR managers now face a greater responsibility of dealing with the employees according to their social and cultural values. The paper included analysis on some of the major issues that HR managers at Tesco and several other organizations confront while dealing with their employees. Although Tesco has now become one of the leading organizations globally, however, still, its managers face several issues while bringing out change in their different procedures and processes. In specific, to ensure high-productivity and quality-performance employees, it is very important that managers should endeavor to understand the situation first and then put efforts in employing a motivational strategy. Although money plays an important role in motivating humans, however, several other factors are imperative in ensuring success in an organization. Finally, HR managers have the major responsibility to evaluate and decide about the tools and strategies that can result in the most efficient outcomes.

Conducting A Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Conducting A Strategic Management - Essay Example These entrepreneurs are very crucial factors for economic growth and development as they lead the entire society to the future growth and prospects. Every successful entrepreneur is having some distinct features but there are certain common qualities that must be present in each entrepreneur. Many scholars and researchers have studied the nature and traits of entrepreneurs and they have identified a number of such skills. However, some of the essential traits are leadership, initiatives, planner, risk bearer, opportunity explorer, creative, specific & clear goals etc (Kumar, 2008, p.38-39). There are a number of role models of an ideal entrepreneurs can be found from the past and present evidences. Some of the very popular and successful entrepreneurs are like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, Walt Disney, Rupert Murdoch etc and many more. These people have set examples before emerging entrepreneurs and they are also great source of motivation for the society. Some of the comm on qualities in these entrepreneurs are that; they are good planners, they innovative and creative; and they have brought multiple social benefits through their innovation. In the process of starting a new venture, planning is the second most important task after generating a viable and feasible business idea. Success rate of new start-up venture is quite low. The following data shows the survival rate of new venture within one year. Figure 1: One Year Survival Rates by Firm Size (Source: Timmons and Spinelli, 2009, p.86) Considering the above table, a new business is always exposed to multiple risks, and as due to its vulnerable nature it becomes very difficult to cope with the existing competitive business environment. Therefore, before establishing a new venture, it necessary to develop a realistic and effective business plans. A business plan includes a detailed projection of the business consisting of marketing plan, operational plan, human resource plan and financial plan etc. For enhancing the probability of the success rate all these planning must be logical and feasible. In this process, it becomes very necessary to conduct the preliminary research tasks to explore the opportunities and identify expected threats. Moreover, business plan is also required for many purposes. Firstly, a new business venture requires a significant amount of capital and its major sources are prospective investors and creditor s. A comprehensive and effective business plan also includes the financial projection like future income and financial growth etc and it helps to attract investors and creditors. Secondly, it also helps in acquiring legal licenses as it described the nature of business and its environmental impact. Thirdly, a detailed business plan is required for risk management (Covello and Hazelgren, 2006, p.21-24). Before preparing a business plan it is necessary to analyse the market and economic condition based to the business idea. This paper will attempt to present market research for starting the new venture and will also present financial

Childcare and Education Essay Example for Free

Childcare and Education Essay E1.Identify 5 pieces of current legislation and E2. Describe how each legislation will influence working practices in the setting. The Human Rights Act 1998 is broken down into 5 key principles which are; Fairness, Respect, autonomy, dignity and equality. Equality would influence working principles because the children would be treated fairly by having their individual needs met to ensure the same outcome is achieved as the other children. Settings can maintain fairness and respect by having the practitioners in the setting following the same policies and procedures. This would also avoid conflict between staff and would not confuse the children with knowing their expectations. Another way settings can have respect in the setting could be by following parent’s preferences such as their food preferences for their child. My current placement follows parent’s preferences by having meals that are suitable for children without specific food preferences and set meals to meet cultural and health needs. Settings can promote autonomy by encouraging children to build on their life and social skills. This can be done by the setting providing games such as a simple board game where the children have to choose their game piece and where they have to turn take. This would also build on autonomy because it would teach children how to share and how to treat other children or people with a positive attitude. For an example if a child is an only child, they may not know how to share with other children, so playing a game that engages their interest would gradually teach the child how to build on his turn taking skills and how to interact positively with other children. In the setting, dignity can be maintained by removing situations where a child may feel embarrassed or ashamed. If a child wets their selves, the practitioner in the setting should take the child into the bathroom and change them. The practitioners shouldnt draw the other children’s attention to the child who has had an accident. The child would need some comfort and reassurance as this situation is almost always v ery embarrassing and distressing. The Childcare Act 2006 focuses on adult to child ratios, qualification levels of staff and types of drinks and snacks available for the children and follows the early year’s foundation stage framework. This would influence working practices because it helps to keep the children healthy. This would influence working practices because it helps to keep the children healthy. Settings can follow the Childcare Act 2006 focuses by  providing fruit, milk and water at snack time. This can also be done by having playtime outside so that the children would get vitamin D and fresh air. Also the settings would provide meals with nutrition and are aware of dietary and cultural needs. The children act 1989 and 2004 aims to protect children by working in partnership with parents and by the every child matters which have five main principles: Be healthy, Stay Safe, Enjoy and achieve through learning, achieve economic well-being and make a positive contribution to society. The Enjoy and achieve through learning will influence practice because it allows practitioners to cater for each child’s needs whilst ensuring that the children are enjoying what they are doing or learning. The Equality act 2010 has been simplified from 9 separate acts into 1 act. The main is to end all forms of discrimination. The protected characteristic of disability will help to influence practice as this will help practitioners be able to differentiate activities and to re-create the same experience using other methods or activities. The health and safety at work legislation is about keeping yourself and others safe. This will influence practice because it will ensure the utmost safety for both the children and staff of the setting. This can be done by having regular risk assessments and by finding a solution to any hazards. For an example, if there is spilt water, a staff member should mop it up as soon as possible to avoid staff or children slipping and being injured. E3. Describe how policies and procedures will help safeguard children. One policy could be the safeguarding policy. The safeguarding procedure helps to protect children because the setting would have a safe recruitment method to ensure that all staff are suitable to work with children or are qualified to work with children legally. For an example, before I could start my placement and working with the children, I had to show my CRB check to my nurserys placement officer. CRB checks helps to safeguard children because it would prevent anyone with a serious criminal offence or someone who could be a danger to children from working with them there for protecting the children from being mistreated or harmed. Another part of the safeguarding procedure that would safeguard children would be to have a designated person who has a clear and defined role and responsibility in regards to child protection. Having a designated person would help safeguard children  because they would be the person the practitioners should go to if there are concerns about a childs safety or welfare concerns about the actions of a staff member. This would safeguard children as the designated person would be able to decide what actions need to be done in order to resume the childs welfare or to decide what the disciplinary action is for the staff that has had the allegation made towards them. To avoid this, all staff should have regular child protection training. A separate policy could be the behaviour management policy. This policy would help safeguard children as it helps children to think about their actions and the consequences they may cause. When a child has behaved in an unwanted behaviour, the disciplinary guidelines should be taken. The disciplinary guidelines are Give verbal warning, Move the child away from the area and time out if the first two stages don’t work. The above verbal behaviour management methods should always only be used instead of physical contact. However, physical contact should only be used if you need to restrain a child if they are causing harm to their selves, other children and people or are damaging the settings property. It would help safeguard children because it would reduce the risk of the children being physically hurt and would maintain a safe learning and play environment. It is important that the setting outlines the behaviour because management procedures because it will give consistency to the children as the practitioner within the setting will follow the same set of rules enabling children to know the rules and expectations clearly. E4. Describe how the policies and procedures promote fair, Just and inclusive strategies. A procedure that promotes fair, just an inclusive strategy is adapting resources to meet children’s needs. This can be done by having a range of equipment that helps children and their individual needs. This can be done by providing a range of different sized paint brushes and sponges for an example. This would allow children to develop their creative skills and interests whilst being able to develop their fine motor skills. A policy that promotes fair, just and inclusive strategy is the equal opportunities policy. This policy helps to include children because everyone in the setting has the right to be included in everything the setting does and every child has the right to education and developing their skills. Equal opportunities policy will also help children to feel valued and have their  progress and achievements celebrated. This can be done by displaying children’s artwork, creations and other outstanding work on a display board for all parents and staff to see. Another procedure that promotes fair, just and inclusive strategy is by showing awareness of different cultures and life styles. This can be done by having related activities or circle time celebrating different cultures, religions, life styles and things that challenge normal expectations. For an example; ‘all nurses are female’. This is inclusive practice because it involves every child’s cultural preferences and builds on children’s knowledge and understanding about the world we live in. Another policy that promotes fair, just and inclusive strategy is the Special Education Needs (SEN) policy. This policy allows every child to have the same care, attention and consideration as any other child in the setting, regardless of their disability or background. The policy states that every setting should have a SENCO worker and responsibility in adapting and adjusting the settings environment to help children have the same experience in the setting whilst having their individual needs met. This can be done by having braille books for children with a sight impairment or provide easy access in the building for wheel chair users. E5.Describe two strategies which can be used to empower children to develop independence and self-reliance One strategy that could empower children to become independent and self-reliant could be by having circle time regularly. Circle time should allow children to express their thoughts and feelings with the security of being listened to. Another strategy that would enable children to be independent and self-reliant would be to take part in food preparations such as choosing what fruit they’d like for snack time and cutting the fruit themselves. E6. Give examples of how settings may prepare children for transfer or transitions â€Å"transitions into reception classes was at best abrupt and worst traumatic† (Scott,(2005),P21) One way settings can prepare children for transfer or transitions could be by the child’s key worker taking the child to open days or visits. This would allow the child to familiarize their selves with the new teachers or key people who would be working with them as this would also make the child feel comfortable with going to the setting as they know somebody who they can talk to. Another way setting can prepare children for transitions could be by having learning partners or mentors who are older children from the setting where some of the children may be moving up to. This would help children to build relationships so that they feel confident in moving up to the setting because they’d know another child there. Final ways setting can help prepare children for transitions could be by having individual transition plans for each child. The setting would need to â€Å"make time to share previous information† (Scott,(2005),P21) to the setting that the child is transferring to because this would allow the teachers to cater and plan for the child’s needs and interests. D1. Explain the key issues relating to the practice which supports children to prepare for transitions One key issue relating to supporting children through transitions when starting nursery could be to follow a settling in procedure. The Settling in procedure often involves havin g the parent and child having a visit before the child’s official starting date. Having a visit before the child’s starting date will help the child to become more familiar with the setting. In time the child should feel more comfortable with going to the setting. The settling procedure also involves working in partnership with the parents. If the child sees the parent interacting with the staff members, it is more likely that the child will feel secure in the setting. Another key issue relating to supporting children through transitions when starting primary school would be to create a time where the children are involved. For an example, an activity could be to have a show and tell circle time, where the child brings in something from the weekend or something to do with the set topic and talks about it. This would help a child to settle in a primary school because it would give the child a chance to be involved with the class and have their discussions listened to. A third key issue relating to supporting children through transitions when starting nursery would be to find out what the child’s favourite toys are and put them out for the child to play with when they come into nursery. Also, to make the child feel welcomed, the practitio ner should also provide a range of appropriate activities for the children and always give the child an opportunity for them to participate in the activities as much or as little as they like. An alternative key issue relating to supporting children through transitions  when starting primary school would be to work in partnership with parents. This can be done by having notice boards around the school which has features such as â€Å"most improved child†, â€Å"Little stars† (Where children are placed here for good work or for doing something kind etc) and put the child who is starting in the primary school on the notice board. This would make the child and parent feel proud and would give the child a sense of achievement which hopefully would make the child want to enjoy and participate in the school more. An alternative key issue relating to supporting children through transitions when starting nursery could be by providing opportunities for the child to express their feelings. This can be done by having regular one to ones with the child and their key worker, Having areas for the children to independently draw and write in addition to having â€Å"End of the day† circle time where the children have the freedom to say what they liked about the day or what they didn’t like. This will help the practitioners in the setting know what the children really engage in and which activities they don’t like to participate in. Also It would help the practitioners learn more about the child who is starting in the nursery as it will help the practitioners provide more activities that the child is interested in. Hopefully in time, this will help the child to enjoy nursery more. A final key issue relating to supporting children through transitions when starting primary school would be to help the child develop self-help skills. This can be done by encouraging the child to take responsibility for their selves, such as putting on their coats or helping to tidy up the classroom. This would help the child settle in nursery because this give the child a sense of accomplishment and would also build on their self-esteem with the thought of â€Å"I can do that† and being able to try new things. Also helping to build on the child’s self-help skills will also help to â€Å"practice their large and small motor skills† (http://www.extension.org) C1.Evaluate one theoretical perspective which supports the development of strategies for empowering children I have chosen the constructivist theory. The theoretical perspective links in with strategies that empower children because it helps children become self-reliant. This theory also influences practice because it helps the child care practitioners to assist the children build on vital life skills such as  making decisions and communicating. For an example, at my placement during snack time, the children have a choice of milk or water. The children either has to point to or say the drink theyd like to have. This encourages children to language and encourages them to start to take responsibly for their own wellbeing. This theory also influences practice because it helps the childcare practitioners to define children who has specific needs or children who needs extra support as they may not be developing in the developmental areas as they should. The good element to this theory is that children learn to build on the childs life skills such as becoming more self-reliant. The theory is also good because play is important as it lets children use imagination and responsibility of the childs learning. It also helps to build on the childs fine and gross motor skills. However, the bad points about this theory are that children develop little without an adult although staff shouldnt allow the children to be too attached to them as the children wouldn’t interact very well with children their age as well as giving children adequate help and support so that the child can learn to be self-reliant so that in the future they, they would be able to achieve more without much support from the adult. The theory can be improved by ensuring that the staff should try and make sure that the sessions within the setting are 50% adult led and 50% child led as this would help the children to form knowledge and understanding of the world because of accurate information being shared by the childcare practitioner and will allow the children to take an active role in choosing what theyd like to learn. For an example, a child may choose to play with toy animals. To a person, the child is just playing but the child could actually be learning about the different types and sub-species of animals in a basic and simple form. In addition to this, having a balanced adult and child led setting will help children to get an equal opportunity to interact with both adult and children. E7.Exaplain the cause and effects of discrimination on children B1.Discuss  how the causes and effects of discrimination may affect practice in the setting. The staff attitudes and values can affect the atmosphere because the childcare practitioners may unintentionally teach children that it is okay to discriminate people. For an example, if a member of staff said â€Å"all ginger children are violent and aggressive†, this could influence children because it may make the children tease or leave out other children who have ginger hair during play time. It also may affect the way the practitioners work and teach because the practitioners might interact with a group of children and leave out a child because of their views. This affects the children because it â€Å"children can quickly pick up the signs given out and they can sense if there is tension† in addition to making the child feel undervalued and not accepted which can make the child withdraw from activities and communicating with other adults and children or could trigger bad behaviour. Settings should show respect for the parents and families by respecting the parents or families’ choices and requests within reason as this would show inclusion. For an example, if a parent prefers their child to be vegetarian the setting should provide vegetarian food whereas if a parent asks for a child not to play with a toy/or do an activity, the staff should challenge it every child has the right to have an equal opportunity. This can affect the practice within the setting because the practitioners may have a stereotypical view about children such as girls should wear dresses and play in the home corner whereas boys should only play with construction activities. This affects the child because it would make the child feel like they are not unique as they may become fearful of doing new activities as they have been told off or been influenced to only do what the adults say. In my nursery they avoid being discriminative by providing food options suitable for a range of cultural preferences, the setting will make sure that the child will have a vegetarian meal. Discrimination can affect children because it can make them feel awkward if there aren’t many posters, books, toys or other resources that would help other children learn about diversity, different cultures and different lifestyles that may challenge the ‘norm’. For an example not all men go to work and not all women stay at home to look after the children. Note: This answer is wrong A .Reflect on the influence of legislation on working practices within early years settings. One policy could be the behavior management policy. This policy would help safeguard children as it helps children to think about their actions and the consequences they may cause. When a child has behaved in an unwanted behavior, the disciplinary guidelines should be taken. The disciplinary guidelines are Give verbal warning, Move the child away from the area and time out if the first two stages don’t work. The above verbal behavior management methods should always only be used instead of physical contact. However, physical contact should be used if you need to restrain a child if they are causing harm to their selves, other children and people or are damaging the settings property. It is important for the setting to outline the behavior management procedure to ensure adults know the limits and boundaries so that staff doesn’t receive allegations about harming children. Another legislation that influences practices within early year settings could be the safe guarding policy. This policy ensures that all children are safe and are kept from harm or neglect. The safeguarding policy and procedure influences practices in the early years setting because it is the staff within the settings role because they take on the parental responsibility to take care of the child. There should always have a designated person who staff can go to when there are concerns for a child’s welfare or if the staff member needs advice on their role within the setting or to provide safe guarding inductions for new staff. This influences settings because the designated person makes sure that the children’s welfare is paramount as well as ensuring that the child protection policy is updated yearly. This would help to make sure that the settings child protection policy is following the current laws about safeguarding children. [quote here] . Another role of the designated person would be to make sure the staff members within the setting has child protection training every two to three years and is recorded to make sure that the staffs is complying to the law. (2012 ). Ways to Encourage Self-Help Skills in Children. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.extension.org/pages/26436/ways-to-encourage-self-help-skills-in-children. [Last Accessed 29 November 2012 ].

Detailing Product Life Cycles Essay Example for Free

Detailing Product Life Cycles Essay We may conclude that ISO 14001 has significant and direct profit and wealth creation potentials. Companies need effective management accounting systems to monitor all costs and benefits that accrue from the ISO 14001 process. Companies also need to market the consumer and social benefits of ISO 14001 effectively to targeted market segments for which environmental management matters. ISO 14001 and Seasonal Business Union Carbide’s Indian pesticides business, which caused the toxic cloud in Bhopal, was a highly seasonal business, with uncertainties regarding pest outbreaks and cropping patterns. The accident occurred in December, some 100 days after the peak demand for pesticides in that sub-tropical climate, with monsoon-dependant crop acreages. The worldwide tourism business is another example of high seasonal fluctuations in demand. Cyclical downturns are notorious for taking place when full complements of expert staff are not available, as outside normal working hours. Any operation with wide differences between times of peak demand and off-peak times, will inevitably respond by having fewer people available for watch and ward duties, at some times. Environmental Management Systems can never afford to slacken their vigilance, as all dangers and risks are not necessarily related with peak loads. ISO 14001 offers a reliable structure within which systems can operate to adequate standards even during times of low demand. The documentation support of ISO 14001 can prove to be invaluable in containing the emergent implications of any incident. The tourism industry benefits from ISO 14001, not only because of the off-season protection, but simultaneously because of the demand for eco-tourism and out of sustainability concerns for this large service sector. ISO 14001 is especially useful for any enterprise with high seasonality of demand. It helps organizations establish infrastructure that can maintain emergency response and environmental management capabilities at optimal costs during the lean seasons. It also helps companies to plan for peak demand in terms of environmental loads. These advantages are over and above the other benefits of the system that apply to all registrants. ISO 14001 and Building Projects The project nature of civil construction, and its high involvement with third party contractors, places a special challenge for ISO 14001. The growing demand for ‘green buildings. ’ is a special opportunity for the system. ISO is very well suited for the construction industry, and can help it meet new demands for sustainability. Much of the most lasting harm to the environment from modern industry arises from the materials, processes and designs of buildings and related civil structures. Asbestos abatement has been the focus of many environmental management standards of the building industry during the recent past. Asbestos exposure has occurred 3-4 decades earlier. This is a powerful reminder of the need for LCA in civil construction. The entire ISO 14001 system has a host of similar benefits for all stakeholders in the building industry. Architecture and ISO 14001 share a common emphasis on the design phase of projects, to avoid problems arising out of implementation. Hence, professionals in the construction business are especially amenable to the spirit of ISO 14001. The system has much to contribute by way of reducing material wastage in construction, and in reducing energy loads of actual use of buildings. ISO 14001 is eminently suited to meet the certification standards of the Green Building Council, and the specifications for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) status. ISO 14001 has additional benefits with respect to protecting investors from a legal point of view in real estate transactions. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), accompanies a number of state and local regulations that have major environmental implications. Any business in the construction or real estate business can benefit from ISO 14001, as they will have a sound system to choose projects with which they can be involved. They can also plan for full legal compliance as new laws take effect. ISO 14001 has powerful marketing potential for real estate developers. Investors and people on the market for buying homes would be inevitably attracted to projects that have sound environmental management systems in place. Buildings, neighborhoods and cities that make minimal imprints on the environment, that have track records of continual improvement and that make invaluable savings in maintenance resources, will always appreciate and attract communities. ISO 14001 has the potential to become mandatory for new real estate projects, particularly for ones in places that are rich in natural resources. ISO 14001 and Equator Principles Banks that subscribed to the Equator Principles have often found themselves in difficult situations, having to assess the environmental impacts of projects that for which they consider financing. Conflicting views from various stakeholders can be difficult for lenders to reconcile, as many aspects of the matter require local expertise and technological appreciation. ISO 14001 offers a solution for such matters, since it calls for a transparent and systematic assessment of chosen aspects, with a structured audit and review process. The Equator Principles could extend towards fields of transnational endeavor other than funding, and ISO 14001 can be a reliable and universal bridge for assessment and continual evaluation. The next decades will see a spurt in funded development projects in large tracts of the world. There is enormous pressure for large projects designed to bring succor to rural and urban communities. Funding will be mostly across geographical boundaries as capital resources are centered with countries other than the ones with the physical features for development. Investors and sources of public funds everywhere will face questions about environmental management, as they peruse candidate projects from distant locations. ISO 14001 is a good solution in these circumstances, for it provides a neutral and universal format in which all developers and governments can plan to manage the environmental impacts of the new projects that they conceive. International bodies can respond to social activists who claim that most development projects cause environmental harm, by asking project owners to use the transparency and accountability of the ISO 14000 series. SME Experience with ISO 14001 The vast majority of enterprises in most countries belong to the small and medium categories. ISO 14001 cannot be the force that it should, unless the system proves to be valid, useful and feasible for such organizations. A superficial look at ISO 14001 could lead most observers to conclude that it is too involved and expensive for any but the largest of corporations to afford. However, the reality is that ISO 14001 lends itself to adoption by even small and medium enterprises. An on-line survey of small and medium enterprises (those with fewer than 100 employees) with ISO 14001, displays pleasantly surprising results (International Organization for Standardization, 2005). Pressures to comply with environmental regulations, demands from corporate customers that are higher up in the supply chain and lucrative opportunities in foreign markets, are the three most important stimulants for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to seek the business advantages of ISO 14001. Many SMEs lose out because they do not seek ISO 14001 certifications, either out of ignorance, or because of wrong impressions they hold of the resources required. There is a clear need to make the system’s benefits more widely known and more accurately appreciated. Many SME owners incorrectly believe that pollution is an exclusive preserve of large corporations! The significant negative contributions of SMEs to environmental management are often ignored, especially if units are scattered and relatively isolated. Many SMEs stay away from ISO 14001 as they are not aware of government and institutional support available for them to secure certification within their means. Some consultants confound the issue by outlying more paperwork and bureaucracy than is necessary for the sizes of some potential clients. SMEs also have the choice to build their EMSs on alternative systems that compete with ISO 14001. It would appear overall that ISO 14001 has a great deal of unused potential with respect to EMSs for SMEs. This is a marketing challenge for country organizations of the ISO body. SMEs can be very wasteful of material and energy, albeit on a relatively small scale. They may not be immediately aware of wastes they generate, but this has a cumulative effect that has to be addressed at some stage. Pest Control Operators and Applicators are classic examples of small enterprises that deal with highly toxic chemicals. The latter can affect wide areas and large communities. All SMEs everywhere can use ISO 14001 to fight competition from better resourced corporations, by using effective EMSs. The move to terminate enterprises that have no controls on the pollution they cause and the hazards inherent in their operations, is current already. Growth is a natural evolution even for SMEs. ISO 14001, apart from protecting business interests as described above, also has the power to afford rapid growth for SMEs. The Internet enables local companies to achieve global reach. ISO 14001 can help them match their new found logistical strengths with EMSs that work. Any SME with growth ambitions has to use ISO 14001 as essential infrastructure for its future plans. Summary of Benefits of Environmental Management Systems Environmental management standards help companies to build their transactions across territorial boundaries. It is likely to become a sort of pre-requisite for global corporations. Emerging economies must develop expertise in environmental management to fight non-tariff barriers to markets in advanced economies. It is an integral part of the branding process. Environmental management systems help companies and organizations respond to important concerns of their main stakeholders. It is therefore a matter of priority for most entities in the conventional world. Companies from all sectors of the economy have become aware of the pressing need to conserve precious natural resources (Case Studies, 2002). ISO 14001 has enabled companies such as Apple stay abreast of changing regulation on environmental matters. The company was able to eliminate lead from batteries, and later to substitute Nickel-Cadmium batteries in line with European Union directives. These are concrete examples of how ISO 14001 helps companies stay in business by conforming in time to new and higher environmental protection standards. Apple’s switch to lithium ion batteries is an example of how ISO 14001 can squeeze additional ingenuity out of the industrial sector. Progressive companies such as Apple Computers buy products and services from companies that demonstrate effective commitment to environmental conservation (Case Studies, 2002). Supply chain considerations make ISO 14001 essential for the suppliers of major corporations. The proponents of ISO 14001 started by show-casing the benefits of the discipline in terms of the ethics of environmental concerns. The world has moved on since then, and ISO 14001 is no longer an option chosen by those with surplus cash. ISO 14001 has become a vital visa that provides contemporary corporations with the rights to continue business in the 21st century. The days of firms that do not meet ISO 14001 standards, are numbered. Savings in energy bills provide financial succor to firms that invest in reducing power consumption. This is a good example of the meeting point between the financial and non-financial advantages of environmental management systems. ISO 14001 is voluntary and flexible. It does not enforce any external standards. Companies can tailor their individual EMSs to the nature of their enterprise, and to the levels of expertise they have achieved in environmental management. It is a stable framework for the conduct of modern business that will appeal to professionals, and it is an effective way of extracting new efficiencies out of matured business processes. What Is It? The International Standards Organization, with its impressive name, has given ISO 14000 impressive credentials. The success of the ISO 9000 series in promoting quality consciousness has created high expectations in terms of the 14000 series enjoying similar success on the environmental front. However, many people are still not aware of the precise nature and scope of ISO 14000. The ISO 14000 series started in 1991: the first standards were published in 1996. It is therefore less well known and understood than the 9000 series which have been used for longer. The ISO 14000 series helps organizations meet environmental issues (Hanson, A. J. not dated). It is a documentation system that sets out objectives with priorities, divides responsibilities amongst a team, and provides for independent audit. It is important to bear in mind that ISO 14000 is not a single system, but rather a series of international standards (Environmental Management Guide 2004). ISO 14001 helps organizations to implement EMS, to ensure conformance to standards, to ensure compliance with relevant regulation and to seek independent certification (Environmental Management Guide 2004). Any organization that uses ISO 14001 disciplines will be better equipped to deal with the challenges of environmental management. ISO 14001 is one unit of the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14000 is a voluntary system-business houses and organization have rights to decide on whether or not they would like to invest in it. It has a pervasive influence, and calls for serious commitment of time and money. The decision to use ISO 14000 is therefore strategic by nature. Though community and key customer pressures can often be motivating factors, some organizations opt for ISO certification out of genuine concern for the environment. ISO 14000 recognizes environmental conservation as an integral part of organizational process, on par with more traditional functions such as Finance, Personnel and so on. The system must integrate with the total company organization and structure, if it is to yield meaningful and lasting benefits. Most companies start their ISO 14000 experiences with the help of experienced consultants, but that does not preclude deployment of significant human resources from an organization’s own pool. ISO 14000 has three major sections: life cycle analysis, environmental performance evaluation and labeling (Hanson, A. J. not dated). ISO 14001 in the series is concerned with environmental management systems. Organizations should plan to deploy the full ISO 14000 series over time, though they may start with ISO 14001 for reasons of resource constraints, to obtain the benefits of focus, and to give time to their employees to adjust to the new way of working. The ISO 14000 series is a guide that almost every organization can adapt to its specific needs. The system is very flexible in terms of fitting in to various sets of circumstances. Companies that work for profit have used ISO 14000 more widely than social organizations and government bodies. Firms from diverse segments of industry and even the services have all used ISO 14000 with equally remarkable success. However, the ISO system is not a packaged solution by itself. It is up to each registrant to use the system to its advantage. ISO promotes a new culture of professionalism. The documentation and procedures that the system enjoins on its followers, enforces a systematic approach to issues. It also promotes transparency, and ensures that organizations can respond in uniform manner, with low dependence on individual whims. It is especially useful to deal with emergent situations, and in ones in which a large number of variables require simultaneous consideration. Employees of an ISO 14000 certified organization display new confidence about their responsibilities and can do a more complete job of conserving the environment. ISO 14001 is a new template for modern business. It acknowledges the ubiquitous role of the environment in our lives, and provides paths to sustainable compromises that technology and conventional issues can negotiate with our natural surroundings. The ISO 14000 series can give a new lease of life to a business that is under attack because of the hazards and toxicity that it entails. It can help a small business rival a large corporation in terms of professional standards. It can help organizations perform uniformly across geographical and cultural boundaries. ISO 14000 is truly the way of the 21st century. There are concrete profits to be earned from the ISO 14000 series. The system is relentless in searching for ways to reduce consumption per unit of output, and ways to reuse or recycle waste and by products. Certification brings access to new markets and strengthens a company’s competitive position. There are therefore classic business reasons for using the ISO 14000 system. Environmental Labeling and ISO 14000 Some manufacturers have used the absence of regulations to prepare labels with unsubstantiated ecological claims on labels (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Consumers who would like to support manufacturers of environmentally sound products are hampered by the proliferation of labels that make vague and even incorrect claims about environmental impacts. Environmental labeling under the ISO 14000 series, corrects this anomaly. This is an important reason for business houses to support ISO 14000. The world is on a move towards the regulation of labeling standards, and companies that do not follow ISO 14000 may soon find themselves excluded from key markets. Three levels of labeling standards are available for manufacturers who would like to use the ISO 14000 system for their products. Most consumers are accustomed to Type 1 Environmental Labels. The latter provide criteria against which each covered product is measured. Canada and Germany have adopted these standards. Type II labels will use uniform terms and definitions: standards and details will be available in due course. Type III labels seek to provide information along a set of pre-determined criteria. Such labels are already in use for some nutritional products. Environmental labeling predisposes companies to resort to Life Cycle Analysis. The number of products with environmentally sound labels has grown exponentially since the 1990s (Hanson, A. J. not dated). There were less than 25 such products in the United States in 1989. The number grew to 600 by 1990. It is now a business that exceeds $10 billion. The stage is set for economies in all countries to move over to products and services that can make valid claims about environmental management on their labels. The ISO 14000 deals with environmental management on the basis of the following main principles (Hanson, A. J. not dated): â€Å"Labeling should be accurate, verifiable, relevant and should be non-deceptive. †¢ The party that makes the label should make relevant information about the attributes available to purchasers †¢ Labeling should be based on comprehensive scientific methods that are reproducible †¢ Information on the process and methodologies should be available to all interested parties †¢ Labeling should incorporate where appropriate the life cycle of the product or service †¢ Administrative requirements should not make participation difficult †¢ Labels should not create unfair trade restrictions †¢ Labeling should not inhibit innovation that may improve environmental performance. †¢ Labeling criteria should be developed by consensus† Environment labeling programs are democratic in nature. Producers can decide to comply of their own volition. Any manufacturer can decide to use the system, regardless of nature, size and location. It therefore gives an opportunity for new industrial entities to seek competitive advantage against entrenched brands. The greater interests of consumers always have over-riding priority. There are four methods available for verification of claims made on environmental labels. These are: â€Å"Declaration of conformity: the manufacturer self-declares conformance †¢ Review of supporting documentation: the practitioner requires the applicant to provide documentary evidence of conformity †¢ Evaluation of conformity with manufacturing phase requirements: where the production phase is evaluated †¢ Product testing: samples of the product are tested (Hanson, A. J. not dated). Companies have to establish monitoring systems to ensure on-going compliance once their label claims have been verified. Environmental labeling is an important development in terms of improving environmental accountability of modern business. It is an integral part of the ISO 14000 process. It is also in the best interests of companies as it costs less than invasive regulation. Since awareness about environmental matters is growing, environmental labeling can improve market share. Products with comprehensive information about environmental impacts on their labels will perform better in highly competitive situations. There is the analogy of air emissions as a buying benefit in the case of automobiles. Clothing made from organic fiber, food free of harmful residues, cosmetics that do not use animal testing, durables that consumers can return to manufacturers for recycling and instructions on how to use dangerous products without causing harm, are all live examples of some of the most successful branding that has been achieved through environmental labeling. This portion of the ISO 14000 package is instrumental in building unbreakable bonds between brand owners and customers, and in improving customer satisfaction. It is therefore a pivotal strategy for profitable and sustainable business growth. ISO 14001 for International Corporations Since environmental standards and concern vary by country, international corporations face dilemmas with respect to environmental management systems. Most of these companies are headquartered and controlled in the first world, though their products, services and operations cover far corners of the globe. Such companies used to follow territory-specific environmental management systems in the past. This has some technical validity, as natural resources, climate and social habits can place such different demands on business. However, social activists have begun to question the ethics of double standards. International companies have become accountable for following uniform policies and standards wherever they may operate. This can be quite confusing as regulatory requirements are not uniform throughout the world. ISO 14001 offers a path out of these contradictions. Group Managements can influence policy statements and control systems, leaving affiliates and subsidiaries to identify aspects, programs and specifications. Audits and reviews provide a uniform basis for transnational comparisons. Certification is a strong defense against unsubstantiated attacks by social activists. Overall, ISO 14001 offers value to organizations that need to harmonize international and local components of environmental management systems. The portability of human resources is a key consideration for international companies. Assignments and transfers to new locations are established means of career development. New perspectives of individuals from exotic markets, often inject new dynamism in to stagnating business sectors. Periodic changes in fitment for key positions ensure transparency and integrity of linkages between companies and its independent suppliers and contractors. There are therefore a host of reasons for international companies to move personnel between countries, markets and sectors. However, continuity of important business processes becomes a concern, as new people occupy crucial positions at various points of the organization. The accumulated learning of an individual, as well as the rationale for pivotal decisions, has to be available for a new incumbent. The environmental aspects of management situations can be too important and irreversible in nature for companies to depend on word-of-mouth spread between colleagues about the reasons for how operations are conducted. Casual or experimental changes in processes based on theoretical concepts, or based on notions from irrelevant past experience, can be devastating in environmental terms. The ISO 14001 system plays a most helpful role in such matters. Versions of the manual built up over time serve as invaluable references in managing the evolution of all business processes. Records of management reviews lend authenticity to how things are done in each function and location. Since ISO 14001 is an on-going process, it also allows adequate scope for new incumbents in local organizations to express themselves fully, and to expound their ideas for business improvement. The ISO 14000 series is therefore an enabling network for large and inter-changeable teams of professionals to work in a seamless way. Environmental concerns are important for modern branding and new product development processes. Though branding and new product development should be globally uniform for the best returns on investment, environmental aspects can vary across countries, and even within segments of domestic markets. There can therefore be an inherent conflict between marketing and environmental concerns. The ISO 14001 system offers a way to resolve such conflicts. The policy statement serves to establish universal ground rules within which innovation can be encouraged. The choice of environmental aspects that are chosen for address in individual countries can be adapted to meet local requirements. ISO 14001 helps to define the boundaries between local and global environmental management concerns related to brands and new product development. Group managements of international corporations have to make choices between territories and industrial sectors for resource allocation, especially in terms of financial deployment. Since most projects have long gestation periods, and may involve very substantial commitments, managers at one central location can always have difficulties in making choices between alternatives at more than one remote location. Local environmental concerns tend to be in flux and there are often crucial differences between the regulatory conditions related to environmental management systems of various countries. Group managements may have to take important decisions in the face of incomplete and uncertain background information. Countries with less transparent and elaborate environmental regulations may either fall by the wayside in investment choices, or at the other extreme, attract funds for new projects without due consideration for the risks involved. ISO 14001 makes it possible to compare opportunities and threats across nations in a fair and even way. Records of progressive audits provide a firm and equal basis to take decisions on the future of operations in various territories. This is apart from serving as a common platform for the evaluation of business performance. Social activism tends to concentrate on large international corporations. Environmental degradation due to poverty, ignorance and by SMEs is often overlooked by non-governmental organizations. Such attacks can occupy limited management time and lead to intractable and unproductive negotiations. An ISO 14001 certification is an effective safeguard in such circumstances. It provides a harmonious platform for divergent views to be addressed, and a participatory format for conflict resolution. Records of management reviews can form crucial evidence in defense of executive action and environmental responsibility. The advantages of the ISO 14000 system for large international corporations are so obvious and pervasive, that one can conclude that all such organizations do have EMSs in place, though they may not always seek certification. It is difficult to conceive of a body conducting business in a sustained way across the globe without any systems for environmental management. The external audit and public scrutiny of the ISO 14000 series is what most management teams would want to avoid. It is possible to conclude that most if not all large international corporations follow ISO 14000 systems in some form, though they may not find it expedient to join the organization in a formal sense. ISO 14001 in Mergers and Acquisitions. Differences in environmental management systems can confound and delay mergers and acquisitions. Potential buyers may be put off by uncertainties about product liability. Due diligence can be affected by paucity of documentation, and by contradictory verbal feedback from employees and other stakeholders. The entire ISO 14000 series is a way out of such problems. ISO processes serve to assure all parties about the integrity of environmental impact assessments, while successive editions of the manual and audit reports put achievements and progress in valid and measured perspectives. Companies that follow ISO 14001 will find it relatively easy to continue business normally very soon after a merger or an acquisition. There could be major disruptions or unpleasant surprises if an inter-corporate transaction involves an unregistered entity. ISO 14001 also protects minority and dissenting interests in mergers and acquisitions. Stock market regulators are well advised to insist on ISO registration as a pre-condition to equity restructuring. The case of batteries illustrates how tangential product components can have significant impact on the core strategies of a business. Computers use batteries inevitably, but the technology of their production lies outside the domain of electronics and software. However, ecological concerns about the use of heavy metals such as lead, nickel and cadmium in batteries, and the relatively high rate of product obsolescence in computers, has forced companies in this field to acquire expertise in technologies such as that of lithium ions, and to find sources for commercial supplies of ecologically sound batteries. Computer companies have also to divert major resources to recycling programs that are integral to their products, but the matter of batteries illustrates the inter-related complications that can be part of doing business in the 21st century. This aspect gives Life Cycle Analysis great value, as it is a systematic way to cover all known environmental impacts that arise as a result of any enterprise. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) seeks to cover all sources of burdens on the environment that the production of a product may entail (Hanson, A.J. not dated). The system covers the consumption of all materials, use of energy in all forms, production processes, supply chains, logistics, waste disposal and recycling. LCA adopts an integrated approach to environmental management, and it works in four stages. Initiation, inventory analysis, impact analysis and interpretation are the four stages of LCA. Interpretation is also called improvement analysis. LCA is a vital part of the ISO 14000 system, and it has universal application for all fields of human endeavor. LCA has most utility when designing new products, but the technique can also be used to reduce the environmental burden of an existing product. Substitutes may compete on the basis of LCA facts, as is the case of disposable diapers versus washable ones. Such comparisons engage healthy debate and help to build indelible opinions about environmental conservation. LCA is integrative and holistic in its approach to environmental concerns. It is especially useful in uncovering hidden risks and costs that may associate in covert manner with some products and services. LCA proceeds in a step-wise manner, toting up the material and energy requirements of each component of a production process, and then presenting a total picture of the environmental impact of each product or service that is covered. LCA considers waste generations and impacts on air and water at each stage of procurement and production. It also considers distribution and actual use. The ISO 14001 process cannot be complete without full LCA. The Canadian Standards Association has stated LCA benefits in the follo.

Pros And Cons Of Foreign Direct Investment

Pros And Cons Of Foreign Direct Investment The unprecedented growth of multinationals is due to the concept of globalisation which has no boundaries or limits. Usually within countrys economy there are flows of goods, capital and technology. This leads to high competition in the industry and naturally companies tend to expand their business in order to survive in the global arena. The countries use Foreign Direct Investment as a key to internationalise their business. In order to understand the full meaning of FDI, let us see the definition. FDI is defined as the acquisition abroad of physical assets, such as plant and equipment, with operational control ultimately residing with the parent company in the home country (Buckley, p.35, 1996).In the past 25 years, FDI is growing at a much faster rate than trade and both of these have grown faster than world output (Kozul-Wright and Rowthorn, 1998). There are many factors contributing to the development of FDI. Some of them are Internet, technological advancement, flexible rules a nd regulations of the country and lesser communication costs. FDI stimulates competition, capital, technological and managerial skills which has a positive effect on both host and home countrys economic growth. The importance given to FDI by other country is astounding. One such example is US which has a separate department called Bureau of Economic Analysis. The department monitors FDI inflows and outflows and introduce FDI attraction schemes for successful results. (Graham Spaulding, 2005).This essay analyses various costs and benefits to home country and host country with suitable evidences. Costs and Benefits Let us discuss the costs and benefits of FDI to both home countries and host countries. Benefits of FDI to the host country Hill (2005) suggested that there are three main benefits to the host country derived out of FDI. They are resource transfer effects, employment effects and balance of payment effects. Whenever a company invests in a foreign firm, the resources are capital, technology and managerial skills. In terms of capital, the host country will have a higher financial status than the home country. The change in technology and managerial skills will have a drastic effect on the operations carried out by the company. In the host country due to FDI, it creates many employment opportunities through which the citizens of that particular country would be benefited. The balance of payments keeps tracks of FDI inflow and outflows through two types of accounts, current account and capital account. The current account is a record of a countrys export and import of goods (Hill, 2005) and the capital account maintain purchase or sale details of assets by the country. By using FDI, the country can achieve a c urrent account surplus (where exports are greater than imports) and reduce current account deficit (where imports are greater than exports). (Hill, 2005) Costs of FDI to the host country The negative effects are termed as costs. There are also significant effects which affects the host country. When a foreign firm establishes with the superior technological skills which can produce quality items at cheaper rates, it adversely affects the domestic producers. Balance of payments are also affected by inward FDI by two sources. When there is a initial capital inflow there must be subsequent capital outflow and this will be recorded as debits on capital account. The second source is due to import of goods from other countries which will be recorded as debits in current account. The foreign firm can alter the economic stability of a country as they will be focussing only on the profit. Eventually all the inhabitants of the country will have an emotional outbreak to apparent loss of national sovereignty. (Hill, 2005) Benefits of FDI to the home country The benefit to the home country also includes the factors similar to that of host country. In terms of balance of payments, what is debit to host country is credit to home country. The outward FDI also leads to creation of new job market with great expertise and necessary skills. Reverse resource transfer effect takes place whenever resources like managerial skills are transferred back to the home country. The profit of the foreign firm goes back to the home country unlike domestic producers which contributes to their country. The home country is exposed to create new market share and it is liable to create many in the future. (Hill, 2005) Costs of FDI to the home country Due to FDI, the home country is mainly affected by capital and employment. Suppose a country A decides to invest in country B, using its capital and technology there will be an addition of financial position to the host country than home country. Even in future, if the country A wants to make any advancement, much focus will be given to the company in country B and implement changes. As a result the production in home country decreases and it sometimes result in shutting down all its operations and completely concentrate on the host country. This badly affects the home countrys economy and employment. (Hill, 2005) Summary of costs and benefits To conclude the discussion of the benefits and costs of FDI, points are tabulated in Table 1 Table 1 Benefits and costs of FDI Benefits Costs Host country Financial resources of MNEs Access to new technology Training of local managers Job creation Capital inflows BOP credits from exports BOP credits from local production of parts Competition of local producers BOP debits on repatriated earnings BOP debits on MNE imports on components Perception of loss of national identity Home country BOP credits from earnings Creation of jobs in higher skill categories Exposure to new markets, managerial expertise and technology Protects market share in competition with other MNEs Initial investment a capital outflow BOP debits from input of low-cost goods Loss of exports for which FDI is a substitute Job losses in low skill areas Source: Hill (2005) The benefit of home country is the cost of host country and vice-versa. After researching for many years, economists have come to a conclusion that host country has more benefits than home country. This is because of three main reasons. The first one is that they own assets like technology and brand name. Second it is very easier to produce in a country where it is going to be marketed than producing in the home country and exporting as it save costs on transportation. It also rules out the problem of licensing and handling unnecessary pressures on production from the government. (World Trade Organization, 1996) The following sections are illustration of FDI costs and benefits. Renault-Nissan Alliance The Renault-Nissan alliance in 1999 is the first business-related and industrial partnership between France and Japan (www.renault.com). The alliance received a great attention as they created a very big impact on the Japanese car industry. Before the association, Nissan was about to bankrupt and incurred a dramatic loss of  ¥700 billion. When it was taken over by Renault with a new management team headed by Carlos Ghosn, a complete restructuring was done. The global work force was reduced by 10 percent, five factories were closed and Nissans shareholdings were sold. These were very high according to Japanese standards (Paprzycki, 2006). The outcomes were astonishing as they recorded consecutive profit in the following years with high operating margins and it was due to combined expertise and technology sharing (www.renault.com). The stealing of market share from its rivals Honda, Mazda and Mitsubishi was a clear indication of its accelerated development (Paprzycki, 2006). From thi s, it is very clear that transfer of managerial skills will have a huge impact in the success of the industry. Mexican Maquiladores Maquiladores refers to an American company on the Mexican side of US-Mexico border. They are owned by US, Japanese and European countries. The reason for these companies to go to Mexico is due to inexpensive labour and low tax (www.about.com). Many US companies including GE, RCA, IBM, Coca-cola and Ford were the first to initiate production in Mexico. Japanese and Korean firms also became major investors in 1982. As a result, it had a positive reflection on employment. It rose from 100,000 in 1982 to 500,000 in 1992. The NAFTA implementation further boosted up to 1.3 million and the region reported for 40 percent of total Mexican exports. The amount of goods exported to US increased from $42 billion in 1993 to $166 billion in 2000. Fords plant in Mexico became the third largest foreign owned manufacturing operation in Latin America. (Jones, 2005) US -Malaysia FDI relationship The economy of Malaysia was badly affected by several recessions like worldwide oil crisis and Asian economic crisis. Its economy again rebounded in 1999. FDI became a key factor in countrys development. Anderson (1993) suggested few factors that attract FDI in Malaysia were undervalued currency, low cost of labour and fairly low inflation rate. Though there are many foreign investors, U.S. companies ranks first in FDI in Malaysia. The companies like Boeing, General Electric, R.J. Reynolds and Bechtel were major American investors. The government provided perfect climatic conditions for American firms to operate in Malaysia. The following factors attracted U.S. firms to invest in Malaysia. The government set up an Anti corruption Agency to prevent corruption in any form. It has the same legal structure so the investors had great convenience in handling their business following the rules and regulations enacted by the government. Moreover there was not any language issue as Malaysia i s an English speaking country. The investors got attracted towards the incentives provided through tax treatment and generous equity ownership. There were also some issues faced by foreign investors. Any foreign investor who wants to start industry must get proper approval from Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA). The approval depends on various conditions which will be frustrating for investors. The other problem faced by investors was that they have to get work permit for foreign workers, which was a time consuming process. The government has several restrictions on total number of foreign workers on their land as it will have a direct effect on countrys employment opportunities (Prempeh Abenna, 2003). FDI has also negative impacts on home country. In case of Malaysia, the American investors violated both Human rights and Workers right. Malaysia faced a severe violation of human rights as pay was very much less than the minimum wage. The working conditions were also not employee friendly because of which workers faced several types of health problems. The company was against in forming labour union and when protested by the government, they complained that forming unions was a violation according to U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) requirement (Prempeh Abenna, 2003). McDonalds-a worlds largest chain of quick service restaurants McDonalds was started in a suburb of Chicago in 1955. It became the largest fast food restaurant and held one third of US market in 1990. McDonalds opened its branch in Canada in 1967 and later began to open in Europe by making joint ventures. McDonalds influenced the needs of locals and all other local fast food outlets in Germany and Netherlands faced a very tough competition. The local restaurants had to change their style to McDonalds in order to meet customer demands. After that, every step ahead was a success to the company. They had joint ventured with Japanese and very soon became countrys largest restaurant chain. (Jones, 2005) McDonalds operation in Russia, China and India was a clear indication of International expansion. They had 30,000 outlets in 120 countries and employed 250,000 people outside the United States. They established in all major cities and helped students to manage their living by providing part time jobs. Their international operations reported one half of McDonaldss revenues. As time changes, customer needs also changes. Now customers prefer to have a nutritious meal, so McDonalds used their marketing nuances to satisfy their customers. For example, in France items like salads, fresh fruits and Evian mineral water are included in the menu. (Jones, 2005) Conclusion In this essay, we have seen several factors that affect both home country and host country. Every company in the market sees to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs. The goal of achieving maximum profit influences every other decision while investing in a country. So far, we have seen the costs and benefits of home countries and host countries and real time examples are also cited. The primary factors that affect both home country and host country are employment, competition, economic development, technology and management. A success of an industry can be determined by how well these factors are managed by the country practising all rules and regulations adopted by the country in which operations are carried out. The governments also play an active role in framing rules and regulations to derive maximum benefit out of both FDI inflow and outflow. The negotiations are done on every agreement. Only if it is beneficial the operations are performed otherwise they are rejected at the initial phase itself. FDI is also used for improving the infrastructure of economically backward countries. The funding is done by world level organisations like World Health Organisation, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The infrastructure is provided even in terms of upgrading medical facilities. For example, in Africa money and medicines are provided to eradicate diseases and in India several awareness programmes are being conducted about HIV prevention. The money invested in the country can also be used for constructing roads to remote areas which will help in transportation of medicines and in situations like floods and other natural disasters. It can also be effectively used for training unskilled labour by conducting educational programmes that would benefit them to get into any industry (www.economywatch.com). The extent to which a country can be benefited out of FDI is solely decided by the government and foreign firms. Many foreign firms involve actively in promoting social and enviro nmental factors. The government can give tax exemptions and other incentives for the companies that benefit their country.